Module 1: Intro to Chemistry (marj)

Chemistry

It is the central science

Chemistry

It is the study of matter, its composition, its structure, its properties, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.

1. Organic Chemistry

2. Inorganic Chemistry

3. Biochemistry

4. Analytical Chemistry

5. Physical Chemistry

What are the branches of chemistry?

Physical Chemistry

the study of the mechanisms, rates, and energetics of chemical reactions.

Analytical Chemistry

the study of the quality and quantity of components of substances

Biochemistry

the study of the chemistry of living systems

Inorganic Chemistry

the general, the study of compounds that do not contain carbon

Organic Chemistry

the study of carbon-based compounds; with few exceptions like carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Empedocles

He thought that the world has four basic elements, earth, air, fire, and water, and all that is matter composed of different proportions or concentrations of these essential elements.

Egyptians

They had attained real skill in working of gold, copper, iron lead, tin, and mercury.

Arabs

they took over the practical skills of the Egyptians and the theories of the Greeks, when they swept Egypt in the 17th century A.D

Egyptians

They knew something about the manufacture of glass, soap, turpentine, sugar, blue vitriol, alum, natural dyes, and pigments.

Arabs

They adding skills and ideas of their own, they made many advances in science, especially in mathematics and astronomy.

King Henry IV of England

In his time, it was even required to study of alchemy to all noblemen, theologians, and scholars during his time.

iatrochemist

Iatrochemistry was born, from the term?

iatrochemist

one who tries to apply chemicals to cure diseases.

Chinese

were the first ones to have discovered the explosive mixture gunpowder.

Alchemy

It was the empirical stage of chemical knowledge characterized by speculative theories.

Iatrochemistry

This became the precursor of pharmacology and medicine as separate sciences

Chinese

They created the first simple fireworks, exploding pieces of bamboo on fire as early as 200 B.C.

“al,” meaning “the,” and “quemia” meaning “black art”.

Alchemy came from what two Greek words?

Wu Tzu-Mu

Who is Chinese writer that was describing how “the firecrackers made glorious noise, which could be heard in the streets outside…”?

the black magic

Alchemy literally means “the black art”. In our language today, it would mean?

Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan also known as Abu Abdallah Jaber or Geber

He (arabian) discovered several chemical compounds, described calcination and reduction reactions, and developed methods for evaporation, sublimation, and crystallization.

Roger Bacon

He believed that observation and experimentation could bring about a greater understanding of the natural world, hence, a staunch supporter of the inductive method in science.

Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan

The discoveries of sulfuric and nitric acids are attributed to him.

Roger Boyle

He published his book, The Skeptical Chymist, stressing the importance of experimentation to test ideas obtained by reason

Joseph Priestly and Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

They proved that air, one of Aristotle’s basic elements, was actually a mixture of different gases, including nitrogen and oxygen.

Robert Boyle

He pioneered the investigation of the behavior of gases bringing about the gas laws.

Lavoisier

He also emphasized the importance of precise measurements of the changes in masses in chemical reactions.

John Dalton

He put forward his atomic theory which explains that all the atoms of an element are identical but different from the atoms of every other element.

Lavoisier

His experiments changed chemistry from a science of speculative observation to a science of precise measurement that it is now.

Lavoisier

He often regarded as the Father of Modern Chemistry.

Amedeo Avogadro

He showed that water is a combination of an atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. This paved the way to a new idea of the existence of the so- called molecules.

Sir Joseph John Thompson

He forwarded the idea, through his cathode ray gun experiments, that there are particles around 1,800 times smaller than the smallest atoms, which are parts of the atom itself.

Ernest Rutherford

He discovered that at the heart of every atom is a tiny but very dense “nucleus”.

Sir Joseph John Thompson

He believed that electrons are embedded on the surface of the atom something like raisins on a raisin bread.

Ernest Rutherford

He believed that the electrons simply swirl around this nucleus forming an electron cloud which is largely an empty space.

Niels Bohr

He suggested that the electrons spin around the nucleus in orbits, much like the planets around the sun. These orbits are arranged in layers or “shells”.

Ernest Rutherford

He was able to split the atom for the first time in 1919.

James Chadwick

More than a decade after Rutherford discovered the nucleus of the atom, another kind of particle was discovered in the nucleus by?

“neutrons”

The particles that was discovered in the nucleus by James Chadwick did not have charge, and they were referred to as?

Dmitri Mendeleev

He found that, when all the known chemical elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring pattern, or periodicity, of properties within groups of elements.”

Marie Curie

She remembered for her discovery of radium and polonium, and her huge contribution to finding treatments for cancer.