hlth assess t4

What is the function of the epidermis in the skin structure?

The epidermis is the thin, tough outer layer that protects the body from environmental stress.

What layer of the skin is responsible for temperature regulation and acts as a supportive layer?

The dermis is the inner supportive layer responsible for temperature regulation.

What is the major role of melanin in skin health?

Melanin protects the skin against harmful UV rays.

What are the expected findings of skin in aging adults?

Aging causes changes in skin density, distribution of hair, and increased wrinkling.

How does the skin function in relation to vitamin D?

The skin produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.

What is the correct sequence to examine the abdomen regarding objective data collection?

Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, and Palpation.

What should you note when inspecting the abdomen's condition?

The contour, symmetry, shape of the umbilicus, and condition of the skin.

What signifies Blumberg's sign during an abdominal examination?

Rebound tenderness which could indicate appendicitis.

What common structures are contained in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?

Stomach, spleen, left lobe of the liver, body of the pancreas, left kidney, and parts of the colon.

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

Increasing age, African ancestry, family history, inherited mutations, smoking, and obesity.

What does the external female genitalia include?

Mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral meatus, and vaginal opening.

What signs may indicate colorectal cancer during an assessment?

Changes in bowel habits and blood in the stool.

What skin change is characterized by a bronzed appearance in light skin versus masking in dark skin?

Brown-Tan pigmentation.

What are the techniques used for palpating the skin?

Assess temperature, moisture, texture, thickness, edema, mobility, turgor, and vascularity.

What is the primary method of assessing the prostate?

Palpation through the anterior wall of the rectum.

What change occurs in the vagina related to aging?

The vagina becomes shorter, narrower, and less elastic.

What is the expected normal finding when inspecting the nails?

Nails should be smooth, convex, and pink in color with a capillary refill time of a few seconds.

Describe a macule in the context of primary skin lesions.

A flat, circumscribed color change of less than 1 cm, such as freckles.

What are the expected findings for abnormal hair conditions?

Patchy hair loss or signs of alopecia, such as in Toxic Alopecia or Tinea Capitis.

What population is particularly affected by traction alopecia?

One-third of women of African descent may experience it, usually due to tight hairstyles.

How does aging affect the male genitourinary system?

Decreased sphincter control and potential enlargement of the prostate.

What common structures are contained in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen?

The right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of the pancreas, right kidney, and parts of the colon.

What common structures are contained in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) of the abdomen?

The cecum, appendix, right ovary and fallopian tube (in females), right ureter, and right spermatic cord (in males).

What common structures are contained in the left lower quadrant (LLQ) of the abdomen?

Part of the descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary and fallopian tube (in females), left ureter, and left spermatic cord (in males).

Describe a papule in the context of primary skin lesions.

A solid, elevated lesion less than 1 cm, such as an elevated nevus (mole) or wart.

Describe a vesicle in the context of primary skin lesions.

A small, circumscribed elevation of the skin containing serous fluid, such as a blister, herpes simplex, or varicella.

What is pallor in the context of skin color changes and where is it observed?

Pale, ashen color resulting from anemia or shock, observed in conjunctiva, mucous membranes, and nail beds.

What is cyanosis and where is it observed in the context of skin color changes?

Blueish mottling indicates decreased perfusion and oxygenation. It can be observed in the lips, nose, cheeks, ears, and oral mucous membranes.

What is jaundice and where is it observed in the context of skin color changes?

Yellowish skin color indicates rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood due to liver dysfunction, observed first in the sclera and hard palate, then over the skin.

What are the normal findings when auscultating bowel sounds during an abdominal assessment?

Normal bowel sounds are high-pitched, gurgling, and occur irregularly, approximately 5 to 30 times per minute.