final AP gov: foundational documents and swag

swagswag

civil liberty

a protection against government overreach

civil right

a protection against discrimination

Connecticut Compromise

created a bicameral legislature

3/5 Compromise

decision to count each slave as [a certain fraction] of a person for taxation and representation purposes

push poll

type of poll that attempts to influence opinions through overtly biased questions, usually as a part of a political campaign

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

a letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

argued that when the government says "Wait," it means "Never," criticizing the government's inaction.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

argues that nonviolent resistance is the only way to cause lasting social change

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

argues that people have a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws if the judicial system fails to change them

Articles of Confederation

allowed states to impose tariffs on each other and print their own currency

Articles of Confederation

created a unicameral legislature

Articles of Confederation

no federal executive or judicial branch is established

Articles of Confederation

have stronger and largely independent state governments

Articles of Confederation

each state counted for one vote

Articles of Confederation

its weak enforcement of federal laws and taxation allowed Shay's Rebellion to wreak havoc

Declaration of Independence

stated the trinity of core american values: limited government, natural rights, and popular sovereignty

Brutus 1

argued against the ratification of the Constitution

Brutus 1

argued the federal government would be too overpowered with the necessary and proper clause

Brutus 1

argued that the federal government will infringe on the people's rights if it did not include a Bill for it (subtle foreshadowing)

Brutus 1

argued that federal courts would completely override the state courts' decisions due to the supremacy clause

Brutus 1

argued for not one overarching government, but a confederation of small republics in which the people can directly control their laws

Federalist 10

written by Madison to delineate reasons for the ratification of the Constitution

Federalist 10

denoted a republic as a conglomerate of individual states that have a defined power relationship with the federal government (federalism)

Federalist 10

stated that factions are inevitable as they are a facet of human nature

Federalist 10

stated that a republic counters the "tyranny of the majority" by housing multiple diverse factions that conflict with each other and facilitating compromise

faction

a coalition of people with the same interest, usually manifesting in interest groups or political parties

Federalist 51

argued that a bicameral legislature would prevent tyranny by legislation by countering itself

Federalist 51

argued that each branch of government should have heads that are selected in different ways

Federalist 51

defines that each branch is independent from the other

Federalist 51

argued that branches should not have the absolute power to choose members of all branches

Federalist 51

argued that Montesquieu's separation of powers must be implemented to preserve liberty

Federalist 51

argued that different levels of government should have different spheres of authority

Federalist 51

argued that "ambition must counteract ambition," that the personal interests of the people in power should counter each other to prevent tyranny

Federalist 70

argued that a single president ensures the executive branch has "energy:" quickness to action

Federalist 70

argued that a single president would take accountability for the executive branch's errors, as multiple executive heads would diffuse responsibility

Federalist 70

argued that a single president can protect the people's liberty against factions

Federalist 70

argued that an executive branch with one head would create clear direction and flexibility in the event of an emergency

Federalist 78

argued that courts are the mediator between the executive and legislative branches

Federalist 78

argued that a justice should have a life tenure so they can use their knowledge of precedents over time to make unbiased decisions, independent of the public

Federalist 78

argued that the judiciary should be independent of executive and legislative influence

Federalist 78

argued that a justice should be appointed, as it negates the need to appeal to the public for re-election

Federalist 78

argued that, although being the weakest branch, the judicial branch would protect the liberty and interests of the people

Federalist 78

written by Hamilton to elucidate the judicial branch's structure and purpose

writ of certiorari

an order by a lower court to have a higher court review a case through appellate jurisdiction

rule of four

only four SCOTUS justices need to approve a hearing of a case for it to be heard