INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGYIn

What was the Industrial Revolution?

The creation of a mechanized factory system which in turn produces in such vast quantities and as such rapidly diminishing costs, as to be no longer dependent on existing demand, but to create its own market.

What is the overview of culture builders?

• Middle Class Swedish Bourgeois

• Sweden: Agragrian→urban society

The Rise of state was paralleled by the emergence of —-?

Peasantry

Peasantry & the Agrarian Society paid all the ——- and is responsible for all the ——- of the ——- and ——-

Taxes, manpower, Church, the State

Peasants (& Agrarian Society) was ——- so they had to rely on —- to ——- their own labor

labor-intensive, cooperative work party, increase

Individuals of the Peasant class/Agrarian Society were also bound together through kinship and through ——-

bonds of mutual obligation and expectations

What structure was the Peasantry & Agrarian Society?

Egalitarian, but there were differences of power and prestige just chose to downplay these differences.

Precursors: cities of Trade

Florence, Venice, Milan and Paris

Increasing urbanization meant increasing use of ——- and the ——- of daily life for city dwellers

money, commoditization

In the Rise of Capitalist Society what exchange did they use?

• Colonization

• Negative Reciprocity (buy low, sell high)

What was the basis for expansion in Northern European Cities?

cadres of bankers, merchants, skilled artisans → form core of emergent middle class

Which cities of the North benefit most from rapid expansion of world trade?

London, Amsterdam, Antwerp

What does London become?

• Becomes the preeminent world capitalist city

• Possessed critical raw materials such as coal, iron, and tin

• Migration from entrepreneurs/skilled laborers seeking religious freedom

Which city was dominated by factories?

Manchester. Because, unlike London, it was not a port. Located near fuel sources.

3 Key Social Conditions: Land as Property

1) Land had to be turned into a commodity

2) Lands passes into the hands of men to turn into a profit

3) surplus labor

3 fundamental functions of industrialization

• increase production/productivity to feed a rising non-agricultural population

• provide a large and rising surplus of potential recruits for towns/industries

• provide a mechanism for the accumulation of capital

2 more “ingredients” for the creation of an industry society

• offer exceptional rewards for the manufacturer who would expand their output quickly and cheaply

• a world market that is largely monopolized by a single producing nation

The rise of capitalism involved the destruction of economic systems that has preceded it

European feudalism

Explain Colonial Markets (India and Britain)

Indian textiles had extensive markets in Africa and Asia, but with the advent of factory production, the Indian handloom industry faced significant threats. However, taxation (the British taxed Indian handicrafts while British textiles were exempt) destroyed India’s economy and markets.

What is the Plantationocene?

Moving plant lifeforms around the world for capital accumulation and profit. (Columbian triangle trade)

• farms, pastures, and forests → enclosed plantations

• factory meat production, monocrop agribusiness

Agro-Industrial: the combination of of ——- and ——- (field and factory) under one authority

agriculture, processing

What are the components for Agro-Industrialism?

• Discipline (mill and field production)

• Organization of labor (skilled and unskilled)

• Time- conscious

• Separation of workers from tools

Which city is “cottonopolis?”

Manchester —population exploded

Consequences of Industrialism (Laboring poor)

• mass alcoh9olism

• infanticide

• prostitution

• increase in crime

• no labour laws (children would go to work in factories)

• No sewers/street cleaning, no water supply, limited housing

• Spread of epidemics

Suburbanization: ——- of ——- moved out into the suburbs.

• Victoria Park (built in 1835)

Owners, factories

What is Bourgeois Hegemony & Ideology?

Refers to how a dominant class shapes a society’s beliefs, values, and norms so that its worldview becomes accepted as “common sense.” This ruling-class perspective presents the existing social and economic order as natural and beneficial for everyone, even though it primarily serves the interests of the ruling class.

• Makes a hierarchical structure/lifestyle as standard

Bourgeois Family examples

“my home is my castle”

The paradox is that a class devoted to profit, individual opportunity, and economic freedom built its life around a family structure that contradicted all those values—an institution based instead on stability, hierarchy, and emotional dependence.