Entirety of CJ 341 Exam

Weeks v. United States (1914)

Established the Exclusionary Rule for federal courts; evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Applied the Exclusionary Rule to state courts via the 14th Amendment (Incorporation Doctrine).

Leon v. United States (1984)

Established the Good Faith Exception to the Exclusionary Rule; allows evidence if officers relied on a warrant later found defective.

Arizona v. Evans (1995)

Extended the Good Faith Exception to include police reliance on clerical errors from court personnel.

Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

Limited deadly force; it is unconstitutional to shoot a fleeing, unarmed felony suspect unless they pose a significant threat of serious injury.

Chimel v. California (1969)

Defined the scope of Search Incident to Lawful Arrest (SILA): limited to the arrestee's person and the area within their immediate control (grab area).

New York v. Belton (1981)

Created a bright-line rule for SILA in vehicles, allowing the search of the entire passenger compartment incident to arrest.

Arizona v. Gant (2009)

Limited Belton; a vehicle search incident to arrest is allowed only if the arrestee is unsecured and within reach OR if the vehicle contains evidence of the crime of arrest.

Rochin v. California (1952)

Ruled that police conduct that "shocks the conscience" (e.g., forced stomach pumping) violates the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause.

Arizona v. Hicks (1987)

Clarified the Plain View Doctrine, requiring an item's incriminating nature to be immediately apparent (i.e., requires probable cause, not just reasonable suspicion).

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Mandated that suspects be read their rights (Miranda Warnings) before any custodial interrogation.

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

Created the Stop and Frisk rule, allowing a brief detention based on reasonable suspicion and a pat-down for weapons based on suspicion the person is armed.

Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993)

Established the Plain Feel Doctrine; seizure is permitted during a frisk only if the item's identity as contraband is immediately apparent through touch.

Carroll v. United States (1925)

Created the Automobile Exception to the warrant requirement, justifying a warrantless search of a vehicle with probable cause due to its inherent mobility.

Katz v. United States (1967)

Established the "Reasonable Expectation of Privacy" test; the Fourth Amendment protects people, not just places.

Exigent Circumstance

An emergency situation requiring swift action to prevent danger to life, serious damage to property, the escape of a suspect, or the destruction of evidence.

Particularity

The Fourth Amendment requirement that a warrant must specifically describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

Three primary considerations for searches and seizures

Officer and third-party safety, Preventing Escape, and Preventing destruction of evidence (These factors often justify Exigent Circumstances exceptions).

Exceptions to a warrant

Situations where police can conduct a lawful search or seizure without first obtaining a judge's warrant due to necessity or diminished privacy expectations.

Reasonable suspicion

A level of suspicion, less than probable cause, based on specific and articulable facts that, combined with rational inferences, justify a brief Terry stop.

Frisk

A limited pat-down of a person's outer clothing for the sole purpose of discovering weapons, justified by reasonable suspicion the person is armed and dangerous.

Search

A governmental intrusion into an area where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy (e.g., a home, person, or personal effects).

Seizure

The governmental exercise of control over a person (an arrest or detention) or an item (taking physical possession of evidence).

List of the exceptions to a warrant (general 6)

Incident to a lawful arrest, Vehicle searches (Automobile Exception), Field contacts (Terry stops/frisks), Exigent circumstances, Consent, and Plain view.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Ruled the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel applies to indigent defendants in all felony cases (and later, any case resulting in jail time).

Graham v. Connor (1989)

Established the "objective reasonableness" standard” for judging an officer's use of force based on the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene.

Warden v. Hayden (1967)

Affirmed the Hot Pursuit Exception and allowed police to seize any items of "mere evidence."

Maryland v. Buie (1990)

Established the "Protective Sweep" doctrine, allowing a quick, limited search of the premises for immediate threats during an in-home arrest.

United States v. Matlock (1974)

Ruled that the voluntary consent of a person with "common authority” over a premises is valid against an absent co-occupant.

Georgia v. Randolph (2006)

Ruled that a warrantless search is invalid when a physically present co-occupant explicitly objects to the search of a shared residence.

Riley v. California (2014)

Ruled that the warrantless search of digital data on a cell phone seized incident to arrest is unconstitutional and requires a warrant.

Illinois v. Gates (1983)

Established the "Totality of the Circumstances" standard for determining probable cause based on an informant's tip.