Unit 7- The Growth and Suppression of Democracy

The Crimean War

A conflict from 1853 to 1856 between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia, primarily over territorial disputes and the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

• big Russian lose bc they were fighting alone

What is significant about the Crimean War?

• it broke up the Concert of Europe

  • 50 years of peace after the Napoleonic Wars

  • marked a shift in the balance of power in Europe, leading to increased nationalism and military reforms.

Italian Unification background?

• Italy was all fragmented states controlled by foreign powers and local rulers

• Count Cavour, minister of Piedmont, wanted unification

• However, there was a problem

  • Austria and France were in the way of unification

First Phase of Italian Unification?

Count Cavour promised Napoleon III (France) land if he helped Cavour drive out Austria from Northern Italy, leading to key victories and paving the way for the unification of Italy

• Cavour didnt have a great military so he needed French helpto drive out Austrian forces effectively.

How did Southern Italy unify?

Southern Italy was unified through the efforts of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who led the Expedition of the Thousand, successfully conquering Sicily and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and subsequently handing over control to Cavour and the Kingdom of Piedmont.

When did Italy Unify?

1861

Background of German Unification?

• Germany was a mix of fragmented states

• They question arose, who would unify and lead Germany, Austria or Prussia?

Who was Otto Von Bismark?

• He was the and the architect of German unification, using diplomacy and war tactics to consolidate German states under Prussian leadership.

• Known for his strong military training and success

Prussia-Danish War (1864)

• first war of german unification

• there where two danish provinces and germany sought to acquire them, resulting in a conflict between Prussia and Denmark

• Bismark got help from Austria to win the provinces and he agreed to split them between the two to of them

Austo- Prussian War (1866)

• Bismarck caused fighting between the two provinces, where they ultimately sided with Prussia and not Austria.

• Bismarck also made non-aggression treaties with Britain and Russia so they don’t mess him u.p

  • This is continuationin of how Hitler made a non-aggression pact with Russia in WW2 before invading poland

Franco- Prussian War (1870)

• Bismark belived the onlt way to unification was through nationalism and he thought what better way to being people together than through war

• So he falsified a Prussian document crap taokung France and the France went to war with them

  • It worked, Prussia defeated France and they unified in the process

Bismark and Cavour similarities

• both leaders in unification

• both used diplomatic skills

  • Cavour got help from Napoleon III in France to drive out Austria

  • Bismark used Austria to help him win Danish provinces

Bismark and Cavour differences

• Bismark stronger militray

  • defeated France in the Franco Prussian War

• Cavour relied on diplomatic alliances and negotiation and diplomacy

  • had to get help to rid Austria from Italy

Bismark’s alliances

• Triple Alliance and the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, aimed at isolating France and maintaining peace in Europe.

What was happening in the Baltkans

The Balkans were experiencing nationalist movements and conflicts among diverse ethnic groups, contributing to instability in Europe leading up to World War I.

20th Centruy Frame of Mind?

• more people being educated

• Darwin gets famous/hate for his ideas about evolution

  • Natural selection

  • Social Darwinism stemmed from this

    • beilef that one race is superior to another

• Fredrich Nietzsche

  • attacked reason, democracy, and christianity

  • famous for “God is Dead”

• Realism- accepting somthing for what it is

What is changing about imperialism

• used to be focused on New World Trade

• now focus on expanding into Africa and Asia

What are some Imperialism motivations?

• economic (raw materials and markets around the worls)

• political (scramble for Africa)

• Racial Supperiority(belief in the superiority of one's race)

Opium Wars (1839-1842)

• an example of an economic imperial motivation

• British vs China

• A series of conflicts over trade imbalances and British smuggling Opium into China, which led to significant territorial and economic concessions by China.

• China loss

European advantages in imperalism

• Advanced Weapons

  • thanks to industrialization

• Better Communication

  • telegraph

• Advancment in Medicine

  • and sanitation such as quinine to combat malaria, enabling deeper penetration into Africa.

Romanticism

• an artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and nature over reason and civilization, often reacting against the industrial revolution and rationalism.

Why did romanticism become popular

• rebirth after a huge spike in nationalism

Imperialism Global Effects

• Berlin Conference

• Moroccan Crisis

• Sepoy Rebellion

• the expansion of empires and influence across the world, leading to political, economic, and social changes in both colonizing and colonized nations, often resulting in conflicts and resistance movements.

Berlin Conference

• European Nations made boundaries for Africa (done by Bismark)

  • Soon tensions emerged

Moroccan Crisis

• demonstrated the increasing bond between France and Britain over Morocco and tested German claims.

Sepoy Rebelion

• British East India Company in India and not being considerate about Muslim/Hindu beliefs

  • make them fight in Indian military and bite off cartridges that had pig fat in them which went against their religion

• There was a violent uprising which the British won and then transferred power for the East India company directly to the crown