Learn: Pathology Chapter 1 Health v. Disease and Disability | Quizlet

Pathophysiology studies

structural and functional changes that lead to disease

Pathology studies

changes to cells and tissues from disease

Disease leads to

the disruption of homeostasis in the body

(which causes the impairments we treat as PTAs)

ICF

- approved by WHO in 2001

- complements the ICD-10

- allows for the assessment of disability

- helps integrate patients back into society

(combines the physical, social, and mental aspects of health)

ICF Qualifiers

0 no problem (0-4%)

1 mild (5-24%)

2 moderate (25-49%)

3 severe (50-95%)

4 complete (96-100%)

Pathophysiology is based on

- the change or loss of function

- knowledge of basic human A&P

Disorders that affect organs and systems

usually have specific signs and symptoms

Knowledge of previous cases and outcomes

are used to develop new treatment strategies

The cause of a disease may be

- intrinsic (age, gender, inheritance)

- extrinsic (smoking/illegal drug use)

- idiopathic (cause unknown)

Recent discovery involving HPV

HPV results in most cases of cervical cancer in females but now there is a vaccine to help control it

Diabetic patients can now

measure their blood glucose with a computerized device quickly and efficiently

Abnormal conditions normally

occur at a microscopic (cellular) level

Pathology studies often establish

- cause of a disease

- commonly with tissue specimens from biopsy procedures

Acute

short term

Chronic

long term

Communicable

a disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another

Comorbidities

two or more coexisting but unrelated medical conditions

Diagnosis

identification of a disease

Epidemics

outbreaks of disease that occur over a given area, with many cases of the disease

Epidemiology

the science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease

Etiology

causative factors of a disease

Latent

initial "silent stage" of a disease where no clinical signs are evident

Lesion

a specific local change in tissue

Morbidity

disease rates within a group

Mortality

relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease

Pathogenesis

development of a disease

Prodromal

time in early development of disease; pt know of change in body, but signs are nonspecific

Prognosis

likelihood or probability of recovery or another outcome

Remissions

subsiding disease symptoms

Sequelae

potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition

Syndrome

collection of signs and symptoms occurring together

Symptoms are

subjective measurements such as nausea, pain, and dizziness

Signs are

objective measurements such as blood pressure, fever, MMT measurements, ROM measurements, and pulse

A prognosis may include

1. the chances for complete recovery

2. predict the permanent loss of function

3. probability of survival

Congenital and hereditary diseases

- caused by developmental disturbances

- examples are hemophilia and congenital heart disease due to rubella

Degenerative diseases

- cause degeneration of body parts

- examples are arthritis and arterioscelrosis

Inflammatory diseases

- the body reacts to injury or harmful agents with inflammation

- examples are pneumonia, sore throat, and hay fever

Metabolic diseases

- cause disturbance in normal metabolic process in body

- examples include diabetes, thyroid conditions, and fluid and electrolyte imbalances

Neoplastic diseases

- characterized by abnormal cell growth and formation of tumors (benign and malignant)

ECG

electrocardiogram

EEG

electroencephalogram

EMG

electromyogram

endoscopy

visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a tubular instrument

laparoscopy

visual examination of the abdominal cavity or pelvic organs using a laparoscope

X-ray examination

- images exposed on X-ray film (radiographs or roentgenograms)

- examples include breast X-rays (mammogram)

- a radiopaque substance (contrast medium) often required

When flow of blood in the arteries is studied, this is known as an

arteriogram or angiogram

Computerized Tomography (CT) scan

- utilizes special x-rays

- cross sectional body images

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

- utilizes strong magnets and radiofrequency waves

- produces images of organs and tissues

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

- uses injections of compounds containing isotopes to provide information about metabolic activities

- sites of metabolism and blood flow to specific organs

Radioisotope test

utilize radioactive materials to determine various body functions and states

Ultrasound procedures

- map echoes produced by high-frequency sound waves transmitted into the body

- used for many procedures,

- safer than radiologic studies

Immunotics

designed to prevent illness before it actually develops

Chemoprevention

the use of drugs or other agents to inhibit or prevent disease

Preventative Oncology

primary and secondary methods of prevention

Three categories of preventative medicine

- primary: removal or reduction of risk factors

- secondary: promotes early detection

- tertiary: limits impact of disease once disease has established