Patho 2nd year 6.14 Questions set

Revise general concept of benign and malignant neoplasia and their morphological features.

Benign: localized, do not metastasize, well-differentiated, slow-growing. Malignant: infiltrative, destructive growth, metastasize, pleomorphism, atypia.

What are the general principles of primary bone and cartilage tissue neoplasia classification? Give some examples.

Classified by origin of tissue (cartilage-forming, bone-forming, unknown). Benign vs malignant. Examples: Osteochondroma (benign), Chondrosarcoma (malignant), Osteoid osteoma (benign), Osteosarcoma (malignant).

What are the benign neoplasms of cartilage tissue, their common locations, and morphological features?

Osteochondroma: most common, metaphysis of long bones, mushroom-shaped, cartilage cap. Chondroma: benign hyaline cartilage tumor, arises in medullary cavity (enchondroma) or surface (juxtacortical chondroma).

What is chondrosarcoma?

Malignant hyaline cartilage tumor.

Describe common locations and morphological features of chondrosarcoma.

Common: pelvis, shoulder. Morphology: infiltrative growth, no clear margins, conventional/hyaline or myxoid type.

What are the benign neoplasms of bone tissue, their common locations, and morphological features?

Osteoid osteoma: small tumors, young adults, femur or tibia, cortex, woven trabeculae. Aneurysmal bone cyst: multiloculated blood-filled cysts, thin septa, fibroblasts. Fibrous dysplasia: developmental arrest, monostotic or polyostotic, irregular woven trabeculae without osteoblasts.

How is malignant neoplasia of bone tissue called and what is its morphological features?

Osteosarcoma: malignant mesenchymal tumor, produces bone matrix, arises in long bones of extremities, irregular borders, necrosis, polymorphic osteoblast-like cells.

Compare chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma by describing typical age of patient, common anatomical locations, and morphological features.

Chondrosarcoma: older patients, pelvis/shoulder, cartilage-producing, infiltrative. Osteosarcoma: younger patients, long bones, produces osteoid/bone matrix, highly aggressive.

Explain what aneurysmal bone cyst is and describe its morphological features.

An aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign multiloculated blood-filled cystic lesion with fibrous septa.

What are the common locations for aneurysmal bone cyst?

Long bone and vertebral column.

What is fibrous dysplasia?

A benign tumor-like condition resulting from localized developmental arrest where all components of bone are present but fail to differentiate into mature structures.

Explain what monostotic and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia is.

Monostotic fibrous dysplasia involves a single bone while polyostotic fibrous dysplasia involves multiple bones and may be associated with Mazabraud syndrome.

Indicate general morphological features of fibrous dysplasia.

Irregular woven bone trabeculae lacking osteoblastic rimming embedded in fibrous stroma with fibroblastic proliferation.

What is the term for abnormality occurring in a single bone or localized group of bones?

Dysostosis.

Explain what “osteogenesis imperfecta” is. Which component(s) of bone tissue is (are) predominantly affected?

Osteogenesis imperfecta is the most common congenital dysplasia caused by defective synthesis of type I collagen.

Indicate general morphological features typical for patients with “osteogenesis imperfecta”.

Skeletal fragility, growth retardation, hearing impairment, deformities of extremities, and involvement of other type I collagen–rich tissues (skin, teeth, joints, eyes).

What is osteopetrosis and its morphological features?

Osteopetrosis (marble bone disease) is characterized by defective osteoclast function, reduced bone resorption, and diffuse skeletal sclerosis.

What do “amelia”, “micromelia”, “phocomelia”, “sympodia” mean in context of systemic congenital skeletal malformations?

Amelia: absence of a limb. Micromelia: abnormally short extremities. Phocomelia: absence of proximal extremities with hands/feet attached to trunk. Sympodia: fusion of lower limbs.

What systemic congenital skeletal malformations associated with finger formation do you know?

Adactyly: absence of fingers. Polydactyly: extra fingers/toes. Syndactyly: fusion of fingers.

What do “cheiloschisis”, “gnatoschisis”, “palatoschisis” mean in context of local congenital skeletal malformations?

Cheiloschisis: cleft lip. Gnatoschisis: cleft of maxillary process. Palatoschisis: cleft palate.

What are the terms that describe undersized jaw and complete absence of mandibular structure?

Micrognathia (undersized jaw), Agnathia (absence of mandible).

What is the term describing approximation of ears in front of the neck in context of local congenital skeletal malformation?

Synotia.

What is “cyclopia (synophthalmia)”?

Congenital malformation where forebrain fails to divide orbits into two cavities, resulting in single midline eye.

Explain what “congenital sternal cleft” is and describe how it is classified.

Defect of anterior chest wall due to failed fusion of sternum. Types: superior, subtotal, total, inferior, superior with cleft mandible, median sternal cleft.

What is “congenital clubfoot”?

Deformity where infant’s foot is turned inward with bottom of foot facing sideways/upward due to joint contracture.