Module 4. Stages and Significance of Mitosis and Meiosis

________- The four chromatids of each tetrad are even more condensed and the chiasma often terminalize or move down the chromatids to the ends.

Diakinesis

________- is the gain or loss of whole chromosomes.

Aneuploidy

________- The two pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other.

Diplonema

________- Chromosomes become much shorter and thicker.

Pachynema

________- is when daughter chromosomes complete their migration to the poles.

Telophase b

Chromosomes are attached to string- like spindles and begin to move to the middle of the cell (e.g., Down ________, Alzheimers, and Leukemia)

Syndrome

________- is when chromosomes become arranged so that their centromeres become aligned in one place, halfway between the two spindle poles.

Metaphase

________- is initiated by the separation of sister chromatids at their junction point at the centromere.

Anaphase

________- Replicated chromosomes have coiled and are already visible.

Leptonema

________- is the division of the cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis

The goal of meiosis is to produce ________ or eggs, also known as gametes.

sperm

The ________ is called the metaphase plate.

plane of alignment

________- reduces the amount of genetic information.

Meiosis

During Prophase, centrioles move toward ________ nucleus.

opposite sides of the

The constriction is often called ________, or cell furrow.

cleavage

During ________, gametes combine in fertilization to reconstitute the diploid complement found in parental cells.

sexual reproduction

________- is the preparatory stage.

Prophase

________- Homologous chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other in a highly specific manner.

Zygonema

It allows the sexually reproducing organism to grow and develop from a(n) ________ into a sexually mature individual.

single cell

The goal of mitosis is to produce two ________ that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

daughter cells

A(n) ________ around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows.

nuclear membrane forms

________ and meiosis undergo series of stages to divide and produce daughter cells.

Mitosis

________ play a vital role in cell division.

Chromosomes

________ are haploid cells, with only half the DNA present in the diploid parent cell.

Gametes

________ dissolve in mitotic Anaphase.

Centrosomes

Having a(n) ________ is critically important to all living organisms.

correct number of chromosomes

________ is important in retaining or reducing the number of chromosomes.

Cell division

The ________ is the first cell in a new individual.

zygote

________- The spindle apparatus is completely formed, and the microtubules are attached to the centromere regions of the homologues.

Metaphase I

Every ________ made from meiosis has a unique combination of chromosomes.

sex cell

________- The monads are at the poles, forming two groups of chromosomes.

Telophase II

________ have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent.

Non sex cells

Prophase I- has been subdivided into five substages: leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, ________, and diakinesis.

diplonema

________ I- Chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles.

Anaphase

________- The Telophase stage of mitosis is accompanied by ________.

Cytokinesis

________ makes sex cells with only one set of chromosomes.

Meiosis

Mitosis results in two ________ that are genetically identical to each other and to the parental cell from which they came.

daughter cells

________ is important for sexual reproduction indirectly.

Mitosis

________ do not synapse nor cross over.

Chromosomes

________ (apparent division)- is nuclear division; the process by which the nucleus divides to produce two new nuclei.

Mitosis

They are in the nucleus of a cell; each ________ contains the DNA which comprises the genes.

chromosome

is nuclear division; the process by which the nucleus divides to produce two new nuclei

Mitosis (apparent division)

is the division of the cytoplasm

Cytokinesis

is the preparatory stage

Prophase

is when chromosomes become arranged so that their centromeres become aligned in one place, halfway between the two spindle poles

Metaphase

is initiated by the separation of sister chromatids at their junction point at the centromere

Anaphase

reduces the amount of genetic information

Meiosis

Replicated chromosomes have coiled and are already visible

Leptonema

Homologous chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other in a highly specific manner

Zygonema

Chromosomes become much shorter and thicker

Pachynema

The two pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other

Diplonema

The four chromatids of each tetrad are even more condensed and the chiasma often terminalize or move down the chromatids to the ends

Diakinesis

The spindle apparatus is completely formed, and the microtubules are attached to the centromere regions of the homologues

Metaphase I

Chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles

Anaphase I

The dyads complete their migration to the poles

Telophase I

The dyads contract

Prophase II

The centromeres are directed to the equatorial plate and then divide

Metaphase II

The sister chromatids (monads) move away from each other and migrate to the opposite poles of the spindle fiber

Anaphase II

The monads are at the poles, forming two groups of chromosomes

Telophase II

The Telophase stage of mitosis is accompanied by cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

is the gain or loss of whole chromosomes

Aneuploidy

not twice as much as the parents

This is necessary so that when a sperm and an egg combine at fertilization, the resulting zygote has the correct amount of DNA