Gwinnett Tech Bio 1 Exam 2

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

1 - all cells come from pre-existing cells
2 - cells are the building blocks of all life
3 - Inheritance - Life is passed down from parent to offspring

What are cell walls of bacteria made of?

peptidoglycan

What are Plasma Membrane of bacteria made of?

Phospholipids

What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

Cytoplasm is all the contents within the cell membrane

Cytosol is the fluid everything inside the cell moves around in

Are eukaryotic cells partitioned into compartments?

yes

What organelles are only found in Plant Cells?

Chloroplast, Central Vacuole, Plasmodesma, Cell Wall

What organelles are only found in Animal Cells?

lysosomes and centrioles

What are Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells made of?

Phospholipid Bilayer (semi permeable)

What does the nucleolus do?

makes ribosomal subunits

What types of cells are multinuclear?

Skeletal Muscle Cells

What types of cells are anuclear?

Red Blood Cells

What does the smooth ER do?

1 - Synthesize Lipids
2 - Detoxification
3 - Stores Ca 2+
4 - Turns carbohydrates into gylcogen

What is the function of Ribosomes?

Synthesize Proteins

What do free ribosomes do? (4)

- make proteins (enzymes) for cellular respiration
- cytoskeletal filaments
- histone proteins
- nuclear pore proteins

What do fixed ribosomes do? (3)

1 - packaged into organelles lysosomes
2 - Inserted into the Plasma Membrane
3 - Secreted out of the cell

What does a lysosome do?

Uses digestive enzymes to rid the cell of waste

Why is the Lysosome membrane bound?

Because its acidic

What does the peroxisome do? (3)

- Break down fatty acid for energy
- break down toxic compounds
- Break down hydrogen peroxide

What 3 things make up the cytoskeleton of a cell? and function for each

- Microfilaments
cell shape and play a part in cellular movement

- Intermediate Filaments
anchors organelles

- Microtubules
conveyer belts inside the cells

What does the fluid mosaic model describe?

in the membrane there is a lipid bilayer in which the protein molecules are embedded

What do receptor proteins do?

They transmit information from the extracellular environment to the inside of the cell through

Enzymes are __________ specific

substrate

What do enzymes do to activation energy?

They lower it

What types of molecules can diffuse through the plasma membrane easily?

Non-polar molecules

These types of molecules do not easily pass through membranes

Polar molecules

passive transport requires no ________

ATP

simple diffusion can move what molecules through the membrane?

small non-polar molecules (O2, CO2, lipids)

Is facilitated diffusion active or passive?

Passive (down its concentration gradient with the help of a carrier protein)

2 types of facilitated diffusion and what they transport

Channels -
small charged polar molecules (ions, H2O) ex. Aquaporins

Carrier Mediated Diffusion -
Large Polar, Glucose, proteins (amino acids)

Active Transport moves from _____ concentration to _____

low ; high

What is exocytosis? Is it passive or active?

Method through which a cell moves waste or proteins out of the cell

active

What is endocytosis? Active or Passive? 2 types?

Process by which a cell engulfs outer molecules

active

Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

What is phagocytosis?

cellular eating of a bacteria or other type of cell

What is pinocytosis?

cellular drinking of molecules outside the cell

What is tonicity?

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

An isotonic solution has the ________ concentration to the cell

same (0.9% NaCl, 5% Glucose)

A Hypotonic cell has a __________ concentration to the solution. What happens to the cell?

low; Cell Swells and bursts (lysis)(Hemolysis is when a red blood cell bursts)

A Hypertonic cell has a __________ concentration to the solution. What happens to the cell?

high; the cell shrivels or shrinks (crenates)

Kinetic Energy

energy of motion

Potential Energy

Stored Energy

Chemical Energy

the potential energy released

2 laws of thermodynamics

Energy can never be created nor destroyed. It can only be changed from one form to another.

Entropy

Endergonic Reaction

energy is absorbed (Photosynthesis)

Exergonic Reaction

energy is released (Cellular Respiration)

Anabolic

endergonic, builds complex molecules ex. photosynthesis, dehydration synthesis

Catabolic

exergonic, breaks down a complex molecule, ex. cellular respiration, hydrolysis

What is denaturation?

loss of biological activity (temperature and pH)

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat

3 types of Coenzyme

- Nad+
- FAD
- CoA

What is the final acceptor in the ETC?

Oxygen

What is chemiosmosis?

[H+] diffuses through the ATP Synthase to create ATP

1 NADH= ____ ATP

3 ATP

1 FADH2 = ___ ATP

2 ATP

Fermentation happens when

no oxygen is present

What does lactic acid fermentation produce?

2 lactate

2 Atp

Recycles NAD+

What does alcoholic fermentation produce?

ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

- modifies proteins and lipids
- process materials to be removed from the cell
- packages products and vesicles for process

What organelles make up the endomembrane system?

nuclear envelope, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

How many NADH are produced in each step?

Glycolysis - 2
Formation of Acetyl CoA - 2
Krebs Cycle - 6
Total: 10

How many FADH2 are produced in each step?

Glycolysis - 0
Formation of Acetyl CoA - 0
Krebs Cycle - 2
Total: 2

How many ATP does each step make?

Glycolysis - 2
Formation of Acetyl CoA - 0
Krebs Cycle - 2
Total: 28

Where does each step take place?

Glycolysis - Cytoplasm
Formation of Acetyl CoA - Matrix
Krebs Cycle - Matrix
ETC - Inner mitochondrial membrane

Which step doesn't make CO2?

Glycolysis

Which step doesn't make ATP?

Formation of Acetyl CoA

The main function of Centrioles is to

Help during cell division

Main function of Rough ER

Produce proteins with fixed ribosomes