APUSH period 2 study guide

Plantation agriculture

• large plantations of land for cash crop farming

• often used slave labor

• Southern colonies near rivers (Mississippi)

Joint-stock company

a type of business where investors pooled their money to fund overseas exploration and colonization — eg. Dutch W/E India Companies and how French exploration was funded

Jamestown

• 1607

• first official English colony w/ a charter

• main goal: to make a profit → tobacco farming

• had lots of problems, esp. Powhatan Confederacy

John Smith

some rando who Pocahontas “married”

John Rolfe

“saved” the colony thru tobacco farming — created a demand in tobacco which led to people coming to Jamestown to become tobacco farmers

• intensive labor → forced labor (indentured servitude/slavery of Natives)

Pocahontas

Powhatan princess — “success story”; married John Rolfe and became famous throughout Europe

Puritans

• believed the Church of English needed to be “purified” due to the way King Henry VIII separated from Catholic Church so he could divorce

• Calvinists and Puritans — believed humankind was redeemed by God’s grace alone and fate was predestined

• small minority saved by God — believed the Bible was the best way to reach God\

• persecuted by King Charles I → pushed out of England and went to New World to seek religious tolerance only for themselves, nobody else

Separatists

• aka Pilgrims

• wanted to completely separate from Church of England

• originally went to Netherlands, but wanted to preserve British culture → est. Plymouth 1620

• had both religious and economic motives

• Mayflower Compact

Mayflower Compact

• a written agreement b/w Pilgrims to work together and keep order

• foundation of self-government in the Americas

John Winthrop

• Puritan leader and founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Led the Puritan Great Migration in 1630 → brought ~700 Puritans

• idea of “city upon a hill”

• helped est. self-govt in New England

• wanted a close relationship b/w church and state

Puritan Great Migration

mass movement of Puritans to New England b/c of religious persecution - led by John Winthrop

• created covenants → social contracts based on consent and mutual responsibility

• goal = model religious society

• strict moral values

Thomas Hooker

• founder of Connecticut Colony

• left Massachusetts b/c wanted more religious an political freedom

• early advocate for religious tolerance and representative government

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in American colonies — big step towards self govt and influenced the US Constitution

charter colonies

colonies est. by a charter from the king of England — outlined how the colony would be run, but largely controlled by colonists themselves

• Massachusetts Bay

• Rhode Island

• Connecticut

royal colonies

directly controlled by a king who appointed a royal governor to oversee colony — king had final say in decisions and had little self-rule

• Virginia

• New Hampshire

• New York

• Georgia

proprietary colonies

controlled by proprietors who were granted land by the king — proprietor chose the governor; allowed some self government, acted like landlords

• Pennsylvania

• Maryland

• Delaware

Lord Baltimore + Maryland

• title given to Calvert family → founded Maryland as a religious haven for English Catholics

• Maryland became a refuge for Catholics fleeing persecution in england

• early example of religious tolerance

• attracted middling men and prospered as a tobacco colony

Act of Toleration

• guaranteed freedom of worship for all Christians — regardless Catholic or Protestant

• did not give religious freedom to non-Christians

• early example of religious tolerance/freedom

Roger Williams + Rhode Island

• Puritan minister who founded Rhode Island

• banished from Massachusetts b/c of his “radical” views that people should not be forced to follow a particular religion and Natives should be compensated for their land

• founded Providence in 1636 — colony based on religious freedom for ALL faiths, not just Christianity

• separation of church and state

• influenced principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state

Anne Hutchinson

• Puritan leader who challenged Massachusetts religious authority regarding women’s rights

• advocated for freedom of religion and speech

• helped found Rhode Island

Halfway Covenant

• a religious agreement → allowed children of church members to be baptized and become partial members of the church — didn’t have to undergo a full conversion experience

• to deal with declining church membership and keep people connected to the church

Quakers

Quaker beliefs:

• “Religious Society of Friends”

• opposed war and violence

• equality of all people including women and Natives

• refused to bow to kings

• emphasized a direct/personal relationship with God

William Penn

• Founded Pennsylvania

Goals:

• religious freedom for all

• peaceful relations with Natives

• fair/elected govt

Colony characteristics:

• religious tolerance for ALL, not just Quakers/Christians

• democratic

• peaceful coexistence w/ Natives — signed treaties

Virginia House of Burgesses

• first elected representative assembly in the English colonies

• set a model for other colonial legislatures

• due to limited British control b/c of distance

• idea that colonists had a right to govern themselves

• encouraged colonists to come to New World

Bacon’s Rebellion

• uprising of indentured servants in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon

• rebellion collapsed b/c Bacon died

• mad at Governor Berkeley who refused to protect them from Native attacks

• marched on Native villages and then Jamestown → burned much of the capitol

• led to less reliance on indentured servitude and more on African slavery

mercantilism

• economic theory that a country’s power relied on having a favorable balance of trade — more money coming in than out

How it worked in the colonies:

• sent raw materials to England → England sold back manufactured goods

• England passed the Navigation Acts

Impacts:

• restricted colonial trade w/ other nations

• made colonies dependent on England → made them resent British control

Navigation Acts

Main ideas:

• all colonial trade had to go through England first

• colonial goods could only be sold to England

• goods shipped had to pass through English ports/be carried on English/colonial ships

• due to mercantilism

impacts:

• led to American Revolution

• hurt colonial businesses

Dominion of New England

• attempt by England to have tighter control over several New England colonies by combining them into one big colony

• 1686 → combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and later NY + NJ into ONE UNIT called Dominion of New England

Impacts:

• increased colonial resentment towards royal interference

• strengthened idea of self-government

Sir Edmund Andros

• royal governor appointed by King James II to rule over Dominion of New England

• abolished elected assemblies + taxation without representation

• Glorious Revolution → fall of King James II → arrested Andros → collapse of DoNE

• symbol of English overreach + strengthened idea of self-government

Glorious Revolution

• major event in England → King James II overthrown

Effects on England:

• introduction of English Bill of Rights

Effects on colonies:

• restored colonial self-gov’t and elected assemblies

• fall of the DoNE + Sir Edmund Andros overthrown

Indentured servants

• offer by the British to encourage people to move to the colonies

• offered poor Europeans a contract with a wealthy landowner to work for a master for a set amount of time → in return food, clothing, and shelter while working were paid for

• often received “freedom dues” when freed

• difficult work → uprisings (Bacon’s Rebellion) and slow of migration to the Americas led to less reliance on indentured servitude and more reliance on African slavery

Headright system

• used to encourage migration to VA → succeeded + growth of a plantation economy

• promise of 50 acres of land per person who came to the colony

• encroachment on Native territory → increasing tensions

Middle Passage

• route where slaves were transported across the Atlantic Ocean as a part of Triangular trade

• horrible conditions + packed incredibly tightly → Olaudah Equiano’s account of the Middle Passage

impacts:

• fueled plantation economy

• lasting cultural + human trauma

• transportation of millions of Africans to Americas

Phillis Wheatley

• formerly enslaved AfAm poet + first published Black female writer in colonies

• culturally significant → showed the intelligence + creativity of slaves/formerly enslaved → challenged racist beliefs of the time

• inspired abolitionists + AfAm writers

First Great Awakening

• religious revival movement in 1730s + 40s

• Jonathan Edwards + George Whitefield delivered sermons and preached across the colonies

Impacts

• increased church membership → new denominations of Christianity

• challenged authority of est. churches and ministers

• idea that faith was a personal choice

• encouraged ideas of equality and that anyone could have a direct relationship with God

• helped lay groundwork for independence and democracy

• united colonists across regions → shared American identity

Cotton Mather

• Puritan minister + influential figure

• Salem Witch Trials - early supporter and spread the idea of witchcraft throughout Salem

• idea of “spectral evidence” → later backtracked and advised caution and acknowledged mistakes

• idea that Satan was actively attacking the Puritan community

Salem Witch Trials

• series of witchcraft accusations, trials, and executions → Massachusetts Bay Colony

Potential causes:

• religious fear

• social tensions - land disputes + taxes

• recent Native attacks + smallpox epidemics

• strict Puritan culture

Impacts:

• weakened influence of Puritan religious authorities

John Peter Zenger

• printer and journalist → criticized NY’s governor

• idea of freedom of press - tried and found not guilty

• est. principle that the press should have the right to publish the truth

Enlightenment

intellectual movement that influenced revolutions → emphasized science over religion, reason + rationalism, and individual rights

• multiple advancements in science + technology + philosophy

• John Locke → idea of natural rights

• encouraged questioning of authority

VERY VERY VERY VERY IMPORTANT

Spanish settlements in North America - St. Augustine

St. Augustine, FL

• important strategically b/c military advantage due to the height of the Age of Piracy → purpose to protect Spanish territory

• oldest consistently settled Spanish settlement

• tried to est. a mission system, but didn’t succeed b/c of Florida climate + strong Native resistance

• eventually became a place where escaped enslaved Africans could find refuge b/c Spain offered freedom

Spanish settlements in North America - Santa Fe, NM

• home of the Puebloan societies → Spanish brutally conquered

• est. very forceful and violent mission system

• Pueblo Revolt - 2000 Native warriors against the Spanish → drove Spanish out of NM, regained independence + self gov’t

• Spanish returned 1692 and reconquered, but were more tolerant + gave greater autonomy

• developed a diverse society w/ continuity of Puebloan culture → cultural syncretism w/ Spanish

French colonization in North America

• sought a NW passage for trade → mainly motivated by trade, not conquest

• est. Port Royal and Quebec (New France)

• fur traders - cooperated with/ Indigenous ppl

• few permanent settlements → mostly trading outposts

• mutually beneficial relationships w/ Native Americans

• had Jesuit missionaries → very small influence; lived alongside Indigenous → close relationships led to spread of disease

Dutch colonization of North America

• Henry Hudson → claimed area around Hudson R. → New Netherlands

• fur traders

• private sponsored colonization thru joint-stock company

• early basis for capitalism

• Dutch West India Company est. New Amsterdam as a fur trading hub

• NO religious motivations

• land incentives

• diverse colonies + religious freedom

• heavy involvement in slave trade → some had half-freedom; paid a fee to the DWIC and only had to work part of the year in exchange for land and rights

• lose colony in 1664 → New York

Causes for English colonization in North America

• overpopulation

• power + glory

• religious tolerance - Puritan Great Migration

Jamestown, Virginia: why and how was it established? + who was it saved by + what effects did this have on systems of labor?

• established to make profit thru cash crops, resources, and water routes

• saved by John Rolfe w/ tobacco → due to labor-intensive farming, Natives used for labor and introduction of indentured servitude

Plymouth: why and how was it established?

• est. by Pilgrims who wanted complete separation from the Church of England

• Mayflower Compact — foundation of self government

• had religious (religious tolerance) and economic motives

Massachusetts Bay - why and how was it established?

• est. by Puritans who wanted to purify the Church of England

• came to Americas b/c of religious persecution by King Charles I

• tried to form a godly community w/ strict religious rules

Economic, Social, Political, and Environmental Characteristics of New England Colonies

Environmental:

• infertile land → less farming

• subsistence farming, fishing, and trade

Social:

• English Puritans + Christians mostly

• Religious tolerance for only one religion EXCEPT for Rhode Island which had freedom for all

Political:

• self-government

• some theocratic societies (Massachusetts Bay)

Economic:

• centered around manufacturing + small-scale industry

• small farms for subsistence farming

• shipbuilding industry

• large focus on trade - Triangular Trade

Economic, Social, Political, and Environmental Characteristics of Middle (Breadbasket) Colonies

Environmental:

• very fertile soil used for growing grains

• wide rivers

• “breadbasket colonies”

Social:

• most diverse of all regions

• religious tolerance - Quakers tolerant of ALL, Catholics, Jews, etc.

• major cities - Philadelphia and NYC

• religious and cultural pluralism

Political:

• proprietary colonies (eg. Pennsylvania)

• representative assemblies

• fair treatment of Natives

Economic:

• large grain + dairy farms → surplus crops

• trading ports

• some manufacturing

• labor usage — free, indentured servants, and African slavery

Economic, Social, Political, and Environmental Characteristics of Southern Colonies

Environmental:

• warm + humid; very fertile soil + many rivers

• mainly cash crop farming + plantation agriculture

Social:

• wealthy planter elite → small farmers → indentured servants → 1/3 pop enslaved Africans

• very rural and spread out societies

• Anglican-dominant

• racially divided

Political:

• royal/proprietary colonies

• Virginia House of Burgesses

• wealthy planters had the most power

Economic:

• economy relied on plantation agriculture w/ enslaved Africans as a labor source

• very few industries/manufacturing

salutary neglect

British policy where England didn’t strictly enforce the Navigation Acts b/c they were focused on wars

• encouraged self-government

• growth of colonial trade

• resisted British control after 1763

How did European interactions with France change over time?

initially peaceful coexistence → didn’t rlly change, eventually weakened w/ British expansion

How did European interactions with Spanish change over time?

originally used Natives for forced labor → tried to forcefully convert w/ missions and Catholic missionaries → caste system → decline ofth