precalc

What is the basis of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

An individual grows through a dynamic process where internal systems interact with the environment

What other factors influence cognitive development?

Maturation, experience, and the transfer of attitudes, information, or customs

What happens during the Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years)?

The child learns through sensory experiences and reflexes like sucking or grasping

What is object permanence?

The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it is not seen

When does the child begin forming mental images?

Toward the latter part of the sensorimotor stage

What characterizes the Pre-Operational Stage (2 to 7 years)?

The child’s thinking is self-centered and symbolic, with limited understanding of logic or other perspectives

What is morality?

The ability to distinguish right from wrong and to behave accordingly

What is the basis of moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory?

The way an individual justifies right and wrong, not the decision itself

What defines the Pre-Conventional Level?

Recognition of authority who gives punishment or reward

Why might a child not steal a cookie?

To avoid being punished

Stage 1: What guides moral decisions?

• Avoiding punishment

• Obedience to laws and authority

• Getting a reward or mutual benefit

• Seeking social approval

• Social contracts and the greater good, even if it means challenging a law

• Conscience and universal ethical principles, regardless of laws

Why might a child do their homework?

To receive a reward

What defines the Conventional Level?

Understanding that rules are important for social approval and order

Why might a student follow classroom rules?

To be seen as a "good" student by teachers and peers

Why do most people stop at a red light?

Because it's the law and rules must be followed to maintain order

What defines the Post-Conventional Level?

Acceptance that rules can change and personal ethics may guide actions

Why might someone protest an unfair law?

Because it goes against what benefits society as a whole

Why might someone risk their safety to help a stranger in danger?

Because of universal moral principles like justice and equality

A baby cries when her toy is taken away and doesn’t search for it.

Sensorimotor Stage

A toddler starts looking for a ball that rolled under the couch.

Sensorimotor Stage (object permanence)

A 3-year-old believes the moon follows them everywhere.

Pre-Operational Stage (egocentrism)

A child uses a banana as a phone during playtime.

Pre-Operational Stage (symbolic thinking)

A child doesn’t take candy from the store because they’re afraid of being spanked.

Pre-Conventional Level – Stage 1: Punishment/Obedience

A student studies hard only to receive money promised by parents.

Pre-Conventional Level – Stage 2: Mutual Benefit / Reward Orientation

A teen follows school rules because they want to be liked by teachers and classmates.

Conventional Level – Stage 3: Social Approval

A person obeys traffic rules strictly because “rules are rules.”

Conventional Level – Stage 4: Law and Order

A citizen joins a protest against an unfair law because they believe in equality for all.

Post-Conventional Level – Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation

A person hides refugees in their home during a war, despite it being illegal, because they believe it’s the morally right thing to do.

Post-Conventional Level – Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles