Unit 3 APWH

Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder Empires

The term Gunpowder Empire refers to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories. In addition to Russia, the Gunpowder Empires included three in which Islam was strong: the Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal empires.

Gutenberg Printing press

The mid-1400s saw the end of a wave of plagues, the conclusion of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, and the invention of the Gutenberg Printing press, which led to a period of increased literacy in Europe.

Ming Dynasty

China’s Yuan Dynasty, founded by Mongol invader Kublai Khan in 1271, was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368 after less than a century in power.

Manchu and Qing Dynasty

in 1644, the powerful Manchu from neighboring Manchuria seized power and established the Qing dynasty, which ruled until 1911. During both of these dynasties, Japan and Korea experienced parallel developments with unique aspects.

Tamerlane

The invasion of central Asia and the Middle East by Tamerlane (Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century) set the stage for the rise of the Turkic empires.

Ghazi ideal

The Eurasian steppes were also the birthplace of the Ghazi ideal - - a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam.

Ottoman Empire & Suleiman l

Extending into modern-day Turkey as well as to the Balkan areas of Europe and parts of North Africa and Southwest Asia, the ottoman empire was the largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires of this period.The Ottoman Empire reached its peak under Suleiman L.

Safavid Empire & Shah Abbas

The Safavid Dynasty had its origins in the Safavid order of Sufism, established in the northern Azerbaijan region. Called Abbas the great, Shah Abbas l presided over the Safavid Empire at its height. His troops included soldiers - - often christian boys pressed/forced into service - - from as far northwest as Georgia in Russia. Using Shi’a Islam as a unifying force, Shah Ismail built a power base that supported his rule and denied legitimacy to any Sunni Muslim.

Mughal Empire and Akbar

In the 1520s, Babur, a descendant of Tamerlane, founded a 300-year dynasty during a time when India was in disarray. He completed conquests in Northern India and, under the new Mughal name, formed a central government similar to that of Suleiman in Turkey. - Akbar, Babur’s grandson, would go on to become the most significant ruler of the Mughal Empire achieving grand religious and political goals. The Mughal Empire under Akbar was one of the richest and best-governed states in the world during this time period. Overseas trade flourished during a relatively peaceful period; Arab traders conducted most of the commerce.

English bill of rights

In 1689, England’s rulers William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights, which assured individual civil liberties.

Absolutism

In contrast to developments in England, the French government became more absolute - - giving one person all power and complete authority - - in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Divine right

England’s King James I believed in the divine right of kings, a common claim from the middle ages that the right to rule was given to a king by god. Under this belief, a king was a political and religious authority.

Intendants (tax farmers)

indentents were royal officials - - bureaucratic elites - - sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government.

Louis XIV and Versailles

The Sun King, Louis XIV, adopted a theory of divine right that gave him so much power he became a virtual dictator in France. His aims were twofold: he wanted to hold absolute power and expand his territory. He kept nobles close to him in his palace at Versailles, making it difficult for them to act independently or plot against him.

Boyars

social hierarchy in moscow was almost static - - much as it had been in Kievan Russia earlier. The noble landowning class, the boyars, stood at the top of the social pyramid.

Ivan IV

Boyars of Novgorod had opposed the expansionist policies of Ivan IV, so Ivan punished them after his forces defeated Novgorod. Ivan IV confiscated the lands of his boyar opponents and forced them and their families to move to moscow. Like Louis XIV, he wanted to keep an eye on the nobility.

Peter the Great

The rise to power of Peter I, also known as Peter the Great, illustrates these conflicting ambitions. Peter the Great was known as the Defender of Orthodoxy, participating closely in ecclesiastical affairs. However, Peter would eventually lose the support of the Russian clergy over his reforms.

Devshirme

To ensure their control over large areas, the Ottomans sultans used a selection system called devshirme to staff their military and their government. Through the system, Chritian boys who were subjects of the empire were recruited by force to serve in the Ottoman government.

Janissaries

The christian boys were taught various skills in politics, the arts, and the military and received a very high level of education - - in fact, they were some of the best educated people in the world at that time.

Daimyo

military leaders called shoguns ruled Japan in the emperor’s name from the 12th to the 15th centuries - - meaning while the emperor was still in place, the real power was in the hands of the shogun who had control over the emperor.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The Tokugawa Shogunate set about reorganizing the governance of Japan in order to centralize control over what was essentially a feudal system. Japan was divided into 250 hands, or territories, each of which was controlled by a daimyo who had his own army and was fairly independent.

Indulgences and Simony

sale of indulgences, which granted a person absolution from the punishments of sin, and to simony, the selling of church offices.

Martin Luther & The 95 Theses

A monk named Martin Luther in Wittenberg, a German city in the Holy Roman Empire (800 to 1806), concluded that several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings. Luther defiantly challenged the church by nailing his charges, the 95 Theses, to a church door. Luther advocated for the theological stance of “sola fife,” faith alone, for the basis of salvation for the Christian believer.

John Calvin

The French theologian John Calvin broke with the Catholic Church around 1530. In 1536, he authored the institutes of the Christian Religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland. The elect, those predestined to go to heaven, ran the community, which was based on plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by the elders of the church.

Henry VIII & Anglican Church

The last of the three major figures of the Reformation was England’s King Henry VIII. Henry wanted a male heir to succeed him. Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, set himself up as head of the new Church of England or Anglican Church - that would be free of control by the pope in Rome. 

Protestant Reformation

A religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. The reformers rejected the authority of the pope as well as many of the principles and practices of Catholicism of that time.

Counter-reformation & Council of Trent

The Roman Catholic Church, all-powerful in Europe since the fall of Rome, did not sit quietly by and let the reformation groups take over. Instead, it embarked on a vigorous counter-reformation to fight against the Protestant attacks. The council of Trent church banned, including correcting some of the worst of the Church's abuses, and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments improving the education of priests.

Inquisition

The Church increased the use of the inquisition, which had been established in the late 12th century to root out and punish non-believers. The Inquisition sometimes allowed the use of torture to achieve its ends.

Jesuits

The Jesuits, or Society of Jesus, a religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyalty, also opposed the spread of Protestantism.

Peace of Augsburg

Europe’s religious divisions led to frequent wars. In 1546 and 1547, the forces of Charles V fought the German Lutheran League. Conflict between Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire resulted in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be catholic or Lutheran.

Thirty Years War & Peace of Westphalia

The final great religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe culminating in the Thirty Years War was initially the result of a religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire; it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving European powers. This culminated in the peace of Westphalia, which allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. After this settlement, France, Spain, and Italy were predominantly Catholic. Northern Europe was either Lutheran or Calvinist. England was protestant with a state church.

Sharia

A sultan replaced the emperor, and the Byzantine Empire’s Justinian Law was replaced by Shariah. This is a strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, martial laws, and issues of inheritance.

Sikhism

Akbar provided land grants for the relatively new religion of Sikhism, which developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism. Sikhism, a monotheistic faith that recognized the rights of other faiths to exist, became the fifth most popular religion in the world by the 21st century.

Empiricism

English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon developed an early scientific method called empiricism, ideas that had been accepted for centuries and replaced them with ones that could be demonstrated with evidence.

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton, combining Galileo’s laws of terrestrial motion and Johann Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, published a work on gravitational force called Principe.

Your basically almost done keep going beautiful ;)

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