apes test cafos and stuff

Pesticide is a broad term for

insecticide, herbicide, fungacide

how are pesticides transported to streams and groundwater

runoff

wastewater discharge is the

most widespread cause of pesticide occurrence in streams and groundwater

runoff with pesticides kills organisms by going into the

drinking water

pesticides get into residential areas by getting

carried by wind and precipitation

pesticides are transported to groundwater by

recharge from rain or irrigation, leaky wall casings, and contaminated streams

groundwater is

important source of pesticides to some streams during low flow periods when ground water can be a major portion of streamflow

streams are

vulnrerable to pesticide contamination because runoff from agriculture and urban areas flows to streams with dissolved and particle associated pesticides.

problematic pesticides do what

kill nontarget species ex: bees and eagles

why use pesticides

reduce pests damage on crops, maximize yield, growing population, increase profit

pesticide cons

pesticide treadmill, artificial selection of resistant pests, persistence in the environment, harm/kill nontarget species

bt crops can kill what

non target species

bt crops make it so you have a

monoculture with limited genetic variety, can be more susceptible to danger, monoculture because of consistency of GMO product, loss of ancestral variety

bt crop pros

can be tailored to enviornment, can reduce pesticide use

bt crop con

can drive selection of pest resistent insects, loss of biodiversity, loss of ancestral variety

pesticide

Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests. They include herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, and many others.

fungacide

attacks a fungus targeting a crop

herbicide

attacks weeds that compete for space

insects

attacks insects that target the crop

economic effects of pesticides

spend more and more on chemicals, stronger formulas probably more expensive. The farmer probably has to get through one bad crop season she realizes how much resistance there is to the insecticide ( loss of profit)

environmental/societal

how are companies ensuring that the pesticides arent harming the GI tract/health of the consumer? Stronger the pesticide the more likely it is to harm the microrganisms in the oils which is the microbiome of the soil. This leads to degreaded nutrient weak soil and groundwater contamination from persistant pesticides.

bioaccumulation

smaller organisms in the food web consume traces of pesticides in contaminated water and as larger predators consume huge quanities of smaller prey these chemicals get stored in the muscle tissue and then humans consume that muscle tissue (salmon, swordfish, tuna)

explain how regional transport of pesticides occur

drift in air in spraying or evaporating and traveling in wind and precipiation come down, precipitation/irrigation cna cause runoff pesticides to nearby wate rbodies or soil contaminating groundwater, soil erosion, animals can spread it biologically

bioaccumulation is when

top predators end up consuming the highest volume of chemicals. It can effecct embryotic development, neurological development etc.

meat production

raising of cattle, turkey, pigs, sheep, goats, or any livestock for consumption by humans

what does CAFO stand for

concentrated animal feeding operation

animal waste creates

lowered DO levels increase in turbidity, decrease in aquatic primary productivity, decrease in albedo so higher temp, increase in organic matter/nutrient load, eutrophication, increase in decomposition by aerobic bacteria

explain what happens when animal waste from CAFOs enter water

water is warming up because decrease in albedo, loses its ability to hold DO and at the same time aerobic bacteria eats the raw sewage and also consumes O2 so the DO decreases rapidly

poop spray is what

sometimes CAFOs use the manure to fertilize their fields if they are also growing crops, this can get into the air and travel away from the farm

what is the CAFO meat like/whats cafos like

usually fattier, fed cornmeal which isn’t natural food, cattle want grasses, chicken need corn seeds insects grains veggies worms, pigs want root veggies, grasses, seeds, mushrooms, these animals get very little exercise penned up in warehouse settings

explain a opposite of CAFO

free range, animals have access to open space and a more natural diet, lot of land, animals are healthier, get more exercise, meat is more expensive, animals are more prone to predator attacks and eating food that might be contaminated, farmer has to deal with that loss or pay more laborers to watch animals

cafo pros

more efficent means of production, uses less land

cafo cons

large concentrated areas of animal waste, possible water contamination possibility of infectious pathogen released into waterways, antibiotic/growth hormone use

overgrazing can happen from

free range

pros of free range

animals eat natural food sources, no preventative antibiotic use, waste spread over a larger area by fewer animals

free range cons

possible tragedy of the commons via overgrazing, soil degredation, water pollution, desertificiation, large land use per animal, higher cost for consumers than other methods

persistent organic chemicals also known as what

POPs

POPS dont easily break down why

because they aresynthetic carbon based, molecules like DDT and PCB

why can persistent organic pollutants be toxic to organisms

because they are soluble in fat awhich allows them to accumulate in organisms fatty tissues

why are chemicals more dangerous to children and pregnant women

they are fat soluble and developing baby in utero has high levels of fatty tissue as do young kids under 5

what are persistent orgaanic pollutants

persistent-dont break down, forever chemicals

organic-carbon based, often in rings with chlorine attached to the outside of ring

synthetic-lab produced

nonpolar- fat soluble, no partial changes

non polar means that it is what on the ring

evenly dispersed so soluble in fat because of electron distribution and absence of partial changes

DDT

pesticide, insecticide, colorless crystal, banned us sprayed to kill mosquitos, it accumulates in shells of eggs and they break before birds develop =, osprey most clearly effected

PCBs

industrial fluid, coolant for ars, yellow liquid, banned in us

POPs

persistant, organic, synthetic, cyclical with chlorine atoms, nonpolar

What do POPs contaminate

water and soil

What does rcra stand for

resource conservation and recovery act, governs disposal of waste

what does cercla do

comprehensive enviornmental response, compensation, and liability act, holds people responsible for cleaning up waste

biomagnification

increase in concentration of substances per unit of body tissuethat occus in sucessively higher trophic levels of a food chain or in a food web. DDT, mercury, and PCBs are substances that bioaccumulate and have significant environmental impacts

what do humans get from POPs

learining disabilities, kidney, liver dysfunction, damage to reproductive, circulatory system, nervous sytem,birth defects

mercury health defects

nervous sytem, speech vision and gate, muscle movement, corrodes skin, mucus membrane, chewing and swallowing