Lecture 9 Oxidative Stress

What are the functions of minerals? (16 Functions)

Structural Components, Electrolyte Balance, BP Regulation, Cell Function, Oxygen Transport, Energy Metabolism, Antioxidant Defense, Immune System Support, Wound Healing, Blood CLotting, Acid-Base, Nerve Function, Fluid Balance, Cell Growth/Repair, Prevent Anemia, Detox

What are the two classes of vitamins?

Water Soluble and Lipid Soluble

Characteristics of Water Soluble Vitamins?

Dissolve in Water, Excreted in urine, REGULAR INTAKE IS NECESSARY

What are the 9 Water Soluble Vitamins?

Vitamin C, Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12

Characteristics of Fat Soluble Vitamins?

Dissolve in Fat, Can be stored in fatty tissues, not excreted easily

What are the 4 Fat Soluble Vitamins?

Vitamin A, D, E, and K

Characteristics of Vitamin A (Retinol)

Fat Soluble

Synthesis of Retinal (Opsins)— Rhodopsin and 11-cis-retinal

Supports immune function

Helps Skin Health

TOO MUCH CAN BE TOXIC

Characteristics of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Necessary for Metabolism—-Cofactor for critical reactions like CAC, PPP

Supports Nerve Function

Important for Heart Function

Characteristics of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Helps form two coenzymes—Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Used in corneal crosslinking

FAD needed to create antioxidant GLUTATHIONE

Characteristics of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Critical to metabolism—helps create NAD

3 forms become NAD

Regulate Cholesterol levels

Niacin Deficiency causes PELLAGRA—-Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death

Characteristics of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Essential for synthesizing CoA

Characteristics of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Cofactor in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, Hb synthesis, gene expression, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Deficiency results in rash and inflammation around eyes and mouth

Characteristics of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Metabolism

Healthy hair, skin, nails

Gene Expression

Binds to streptavidin TIGHTLY

Characteristics of Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Crucial for fetal development during pregnancy (Neural tube)

Oocyte and Sperm development

DNA and RNA synthesis

RBC formation

Characteristics of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Essential for nerve function

DNA synthesis

RBC formation

Characteristics of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Antioxidant

Supports immune function

Deficiency leads to Scurvy

Characteristics in Vitamin D

UVB rays convert precursor in the skin into Vitamin D

Obtained in the diet

Essential for absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus

Supports immune function

Mood Regulation

Characteristics for Vitamin E

Powerful Antioxidant

Protects cell membranes from ROS

Gene Expression

Regulates PKC

Characteristics for Vitamin K

Blood Clotting

Bone health

Heart Health

Characteristics of Vitamin “F”

Not a vitamin, Fatty Acids

—Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

—Linoleic acid (LA)

Important for cell membrane structure

Brain function

Inflammation regulation