Exam 3 psyc 101

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Describe the criticism of the psychoanalytic theory

Overemphasis of early family experiences, the unconscious mind, and sex. Neglects the human capacity for change and adaptation. Many aspects are difficult to test empirically and ideas often lack empirical support when tested.

Describe the criticism of the humanistic perspective

May be too optimistic about human nature and hard to empirically measure or test theories

Describe the criticism of the trait perspectives

May miss the importance of situational factors in personality and behavior. May take too broad of a perspective and overlook nuances in individuals personalities and cultural influences.

Which perspective is associated with twin studies?

associated with biological perspective

Distinguish between individualistic and collectivistic societies

Individualistic societies value independence, competition, and personal achievement. Collectivistic societies value social harmony, respectfulness and group needs

What is Hippocrates work?

personality and behavior based on temperament called humors of the body

What is Franz Gall’s work?

bumps on skull tell us about person’s personality, character and mental abilities

What is Sigmund Freud’s work?

psychodynamic perspective - unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression along with childhood sexuality determine our personality

What is Viktor Frankl’s work?

Developed his own practice and his own school of psychotherapy known as logotherapy - the therapy of meaning - finding one’s own life meaning

What is Abraham Maslow’s work?

hierarchy of needs - all humans have certain needs in common and feel motivated to meet these needs. Argued that self-actualization and self-transcendence are where we experience real growth in our personality

Of all the perspectives discussed, which is the most popular and commonly used?

Trait perspectives

identify the 5 factors that make up the mnemonic OCEAN

openness to experience

conscientiousness

extraversion

agreeableness

neuroticism

identify the traits that describe someone who scores low and high on the OCEAN factors

openness: high - curious, wide range of interests, independent

low - practical, conventional, prefers routine

conscientiousness: high - hardworking, dependable, organized

low - impulsive, careless, disorganized

extroversion: high - outgoing, warm, seeks adventure

low - quiet, reserved, withdrawn

agreeableness: high - helpful, trusting, empathetic

low - critical, uncooperative, suspicious

neuroticism: high - anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions

low - calm, even-tempered, secure

identify the 4 dichotomous typologies

extraversion - introversion

sensing - intuition

thinking - feeling

judging - perceiving

differentiate each of the typologies

extraverts = external world

introvert = internal world

sensing = mainly believes info from the external world

intuition - mainly believes info from the internal or imaginative world

thinking = person uses logic to make decisions

feeling = decision making based on emotion

judging = organizes all life events and sticks to the plans

perceiving = inclined to improvise and explore alternative options

what is valence

whether something is pleasant or unpleasant

what is arousal level

degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual’s being active, engaged or excited versus passive, disengaged or calm

what is the function of emotions?

1. motivation → action/behavior

2. communication

what is the function of fear

survival mechanism that alerts us of danger and prompts us to take protective actions

what is the function of disgust

the emotion of disgust protects us from harmful substances that can lead to injury or death

What is the function of the fear and disgust facial expressions?

fear expressions enhance sensory acquisition and disgust expressions diminish perception

what is the relationship between the fear and disgust facial expressions

fear expression = enhance sensory vigilance

disgust expression = reduce sensory acquisition

what are the seven universal emotions

happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, anger

what is bulimia nervosa? what are the health risks associated with this disorder

engaging in binge eating behaviors followed by attempt to compensate for consuming the large amount of food. associated with major bodily issues and psychological issues

what is anorexia nervosa? what are the health risks associated with this disorder?

maintenance of body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise. associated with major bodily issues and psychological issues

what are the three key findings of kinsey’s study?

women engage in sex equally to men, both sexes masturbate without consequence, homosexual acts are much more common than previously thought

what do the letters in lgbtqia2s+ stand for?

lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, asexual, two spirit

what is sexual orientation vs gender?

sexual orientation = umbrella term that is used to refer to patterns of attraction, emotionally, physically, sexually and romantically

gender = social roles, behaviors, expressions and identities of individuals

what is stress

some form of a negative emotional experience

what is a stressor

event that causes stress

what is primary appraisal

understanding what an event is and what it will mean

what is secondary appraisal

assessing whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment

what are psychophysiological disorders

physical disorders or diseases whose symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors

provide an example of a psychophysiological disorder

cardiovascular, like hypertension or coronary heart disease

who is the most stressed regarding level of education and income?

people with less than high school education and who are unemployed

who is the least stressed regarding age, level of education and income?

65 and up are the least stressed, people with an advanced degree are the least stressed, and people with incomes of $75,001 or more are least stressed

what is acute stress

short term physiological and psychological reaction to a specific temporary situation or event

what is chronic stress

prolonged stress that persists over weeks, months or even years

describe the relationship between stress and illness

people experiencing chronic stress are more likely to develop illnesses

which factors of type A behavior pattern are associated with heart disease

intensively driven workaholics who are preoccupied with deadlines and always seem to be in a rush

provide an example for traumatic event stressors

natural disasters

provide an example for life change stressors

moving

provide an example for hassle stressors

traffic

provide an example for work-related stressors

social worker

whats the purpose of the holmes and raye social readjustment rating scale?

wanted to investigate the relationship between life stressors and physical illness

what are ACEs?

potentially trauamtic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years)

describe the two types of coping styles and when we tend to use them

problem focused coping: involves problem solving strategies, actively trying to address the problem

emotion focused coping: change or reduce your negative emotions toward the stressful event. involved avoidance/escape, positive focus, distancing

use problem-focused coping when we have control and emotion-focused coping when we do not have control

what is the relationship between social support and health

social support helps to boost the immune system and reduce blood pressure in stressful situations

what is deviance

deviation from the norm

what is distress

behaviors, emotions, ideas that cause distress

what is dysfunction

behavior that interferes with daily functioning

what is danger

behavior that is dangerous to oneself and others

what does the dsm stand for and who uses it

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Used by mental health professionals

what does the icd stand for and who uses it

international classification of diseases. used by health professionals

To what degree are people with severe mental illness likely to be victims of a crime as compared to the general pop?

individuals with severe mental illness are 10 times more likely to be victims of a crime than the general population

what is the most effective treatment of generalized anxiety disorders

combination of different treatments is most effective to treating generalized anxiety disorder

what is generalized anxiety disorder

continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry even though their concerns are unjustified

what is panic disorder

involves recurrent panic attacks — a period of extreme fear of discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes

what is social anxiety disorder

Extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others.

what is ocd

experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted

what are the symptoms of depression?

decrease in activity level, view of self as inadequate, intense sadness, no desire to see friends, disturbances in appetites and sleep

what is type 1 bipolar disorder

full mania alternates with major depression for months or mania and depression on the same day

what is type 2 bipolar disorder

hypomania alternates with depression

what are the three types of subpersonalities in DID?

mutually amnesic, mutually cognizant, one way amnesic

what are hallucinations?

sensory perceptions without external stimuli

what is an example of hallucinations?

auditory - hearing voices

what are delusions?

unfounded ideas fervently believed

what is an example of delusions?

paranoia = most commonly

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech

what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

flattened affect, reduced speech, lack of motivation