Studied by 4 people
Overview- in SL, this is the impact of the treaties in detail Versailles Neuilly Trianon St Germain Sèvres/Lausanne
Paris Peace Treaties overall effects
Created a power vacuum in Eastern Europe; Germany, being the strongest country in the region, able to use this to its advantage.
St Germain and Trianon
Austria-Hungary used to be a large multiethnic empire
Peacemakers faced tensions whilst splitting up the empire + creating new states
Some states contained minorities- could appeal to LoN in a minorities Commission for protected rights
Before war, AH was a big economic unit, after not- resulted in economic chaos
Creation of many small states in EU, reduced stability + increased political and economic vulnerability
New currency introduced
Both gained authoritarian governments
St Germain overall impact on Austria
Economic + political
Lacked sufficient food
Economic crisis as an impact of St Germain on Austria
Most Austrian industries shut down for lack of supplies + markets so unemployed workers unable to afford food and basic supplies
Vienna’s centre of manufacturing used to be supplied with coal from Czechoslovakia and food for processing from Hungary
Neighbouring states wanted to develop own industries- placed taxes and barriers on Austrian imports
Hyperinflation
Krone increased from 16.1 to one US dollar in 1919 to 70,800 by 1923
Prices increased over 14,000%
LoN in Oct 1922 arranged for a 650 mil crown loan + by end of 1923, stable schilling replaced the crown- economy more stable + potential investors reassured
1922, Treaty of Lana w Czechoslovakia arranged for coal to be supplied to Aus industries
Political crisis as an impact of St Germain on Austria
1919-20 coalition of 2 parties: Christian Social Party and Social Democrats
Both formed paramilitary organisations to protect themselves + intimidate opponents because of political instability
Led to conservative paramilitaries shooting people
Conservative groups established authoritarian regime in 1933 under Dolfuss
Separation of coalition
First in 1919-1920 there was a coalition of the ‘Christian Social Party’ and the ‘Social democrats’
Christian Social Party
conservative
support from middle class, industrialists
based in smaller cities + rural areas
Social Democrats
working class projects, tax luxuries
based in Vienna
Both formed paramilitary organisations
What happened in January 1927?
Conservative paramilitaries shot and killed several people whilst attacking a socialist paramilitary group
Social democrats burned Vienna main court to the ground because the conservative paramilitaries were acquitted of any crime in July
This led to a political rift between 2 major groups, there was a strike with 600 wounded
Conservative groups called for an end to parliamentary democracy
In 1933, in the midst of a political and economic crisis, Christian social leader Dolfuss banned other political parties and established a Fascist authoritarian regime
Trianon overall impact on Hungary
Economic crisis
but stable gov
What did Hungary suffer from unlike Austria at the ‘end of the war’?
Continued war: 1919-1920
Communist revolt in 1919 under Jun inspired by Russian Bolsheviks
Temporary Hungarian Soviet Republic created
Kun’s communists + other opponents (some by Admiral Horthy a war hero) fought
By August 1919 Romanian army defeated communists
Then by March 1920, Romanians left Hungary and took 50% railroad equip, 30% all livestock & agricultural equip, 35,000 wagon loads of animal feed and grain as COMPENSATION FOR LOSSES IN WAR + RECENT CONFLICT
What did the T of Trianon do?
Compounded economic and political problems
6 million Hungarians displaced
Lost 84% iron mines
Lost 89% former timber resources
Economic crisis as an effect of Trianon
Hungary not prepared for independence
Produced 500% supplies of farm products- Hungary produced but Austria recieved- now that markets separated in empire caused surplus + drop
unemployment rose + grain production went down by 70%
Lack of raw materials
Industrial output declined due to hostile neighbours
sought independence + wanted to develop own economies
Hyperinflation until 1924 due to crown
1924, LoN introduced pengo- helped stabilise economy + soon private bank gave loans
Silver lining of economic crisis
With new currency helping to stabilise economy…
75% increase in no of factories by 1929
Foreign trade value increased by over 100%
Stable gov in Hungary?
Yes.
After Romanian army left in March 1920, former Admiral Horthy received powers of monarch
Bethlen (arch-conservative nationalist) PM form 1921-1931- led coalition of smaller parties (Party of Unity)
Bethlen kept political opposition tightly controlled + placed wealthy industrialists/landowners in gov positions
As a result, limited land reform, peasants, Jews suffered from discrimination
Bethlen didnt challenge Trianon aggressively (needed foreign loans- didnt want to provoke Little Entente)
Hungary + Italy signed T of Friendship in 1927- hopes this would lead to a political leverage- revise treaty, but in VAIN
Little Entente
A coalition of Czechoslovakia, Romania + Yugoslavia to work against Hungarian attempts to reclaim now occupied lost lands
