Edexcel IAL Biology Unit 4
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These flashcards cover the topics of photosynthesis, ecology, climate change and evolution, microbiology, and forensic science.
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40 Terms
Photosynthesis is _
The utilization of energy from sunlight by green plants to produce sugars from inorganic raw materials like carbon dioxide and water.
Autotrophic nutrition
The synthesis of larger organic molecules from simpler inorganic compounds.
Grana are _
The stacks of thylakoids within chloroplasts.
Thylakoids are _
The infolds of inner membranes in chloroplasts that contain photosynthetic pigments.
Starch grain _
Stores the products of photosynthesis.
Photolysis
Splitting water by light energy, which is trapped by chlorophyll.
The light-dependent stage
Light energy is trapped by photosynthetic pigments.
Photosystem I has _
A reaction center activated by light of wavelength 700 nm.
Photosystem II has _
A reaction center activated by light of wavelength 680 nm.
Photophosphorylation is _
The light-dependent stage of photosynthesis, photons constantly hit chlorophyll molecules, exciting the electrons.
Cyclic photophosphorylation _
Involves only PSI and drives the production of ATP.
The light-independent stage of photosynthesis uses _
Power produced (NADPH) and energy-supplying (ATP) produced by the light-dependent stage.
Habitat
Where an organism lives.
A population is _
A group of organisms of the same species living and breeding together in a habitat.
A community is _
All the populations of different species of organisms living in a habitat at any one time.
A niche is _
The role of an organism in the community including its food and habitat.
Abiotic factors are _
Non-living elements of the habitat.
Biotic factors are _
Living elements of a habitat which affect the ability of a group of organisms to survive.
Succession is _
Sequences of different ecological communities developing in a habitat over time.
Primary succession
Occurs from the starting point of bare rock or an empty inorganic surface.
Pioneer Species are _
Plants and animals that have adaptations to enable them to colonize an empty habitat first.
Humus is _
The dead and decaying remains of plants and animals which form an important part of fertile soil structure.
Secondary succession is _
The evolution of an ecosystem from existing soil that is clear of vegetation.
The greenhouse effect is _
Atmospheric warming caused by absorption of reradiated solar energy by greenhouse gases.
DNA/Proteins contain a _
Record of genetic changes that have occurred by random mutations over time, indicating gradual change within and between species.
Evolution is _
The change in frequency of certain alleles in a gene pool over time due to natural selection.
Species are _
A group of closely related organisms that are all potentially capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.
Allopatric speciation _
Geographical isolation, where gene flow is restricted.
Sympatric speciation _
No geographical barrier, requires reproductive isolation.
Natural selection is _
The process by which the organisms best suited to a particular environment are most likely to survive and pass on their advantageous genetic characteristics to their offspring.
Decay and decomposition _
Are actions vital for the continuation of life on Earth.
DNA profiling _
Is relied on due to the fact that, apart from identical twins, every person's DNA is unique.
Within introns, short DNA sequences are repeated many times called _
Short tandem repeats (STRs) or satellites.
The PCR _
Used to amplify target DNA sequences within a DNA source.
Southern blotting _
Used to transfer the fragments to a more resilient nylon or nitrocellulose membrane.
Viruses are the _
Smallest of all the microorganisms.
Vectors are a _
Living organism that transmits infection from one host to another.
Fomites are _
Inanimate objects that carry pathogens from one host to another.
Skin is a _
Tough barrier and usually only allows pathogens to enter if it is cut.
Interferons are _
Are proteins that inhibit viral replication within the cells.