ANATOMY EXAM 1

front back

frontal/coronal plane

cut down body vertically into left and right halves.

saggital plane

split down middle of body - right down mid-line ; divides body into equal left and right halves.

median saggital (mid-sag)

cut across body, dividing into upper and lower parts ; cross section

transverse/ horizontal plane

cut that is diagonal to the body's axes, providing an angled view or cross-section ; any combination of frontal/saggital/transverse planes

Oblique

anterior/posterior

term that means relative to frontal plane - aka ventral/dorsal

medial/lateral

term that means relative to saggital plane

superior/inferior

terms that means relative to the transverse plane

proximal/distal

term used to describe location of something on an appendage

proximal (closer to shoulder than the wrist)

the elbow is _____ to the wrist

distal (further from hip than the knee)

the ankle is _____ to the knee

superficial/deep

term used to describe structure’s location to external surface of body

deep

the heart is _____ to the sternum

cranial/caudal

toward the head, and toward the tail or lower part of the body

mainly used in vet med

primary curvatures of the back

name of the curvatures present at birth

thoracic

sacred

name the two primary curvatures

kyphosis

excessive curvature in the thoracic region of the spine is called

secondary curvatures

name of the curvatures that develop during onset of weight baring (early childhood)

name the secondary curvatures

cervical

lumbar

lordosis

what is the name for an excessive curvature in the lumbar region of the back

intrinsic muscles

movement of the back itself are primarily accomplished by….

extrinsic back muscles

________ muscles primarily move the thoracic cavity and arms

flexion

extension

rotation

intrinsic muscles are mostly responsible for these three movements:

flexion

forward from anatomical position
brings two body parts closer

extension

straightening movement

increases angle between two body parts

rotation

twist from anatomical position

7 (green)

number of cervical vertebrae

12 (orange)

number of thoracic vertebrae

5 (pink)

number of lumbar vertebrae

neck

cervix means…

5 (blue)

number of sacral vertebrae

sacrum

whats the name for the fused sacral vertebrae

3-4 (may be fused)

number of coccygeal vertebrae

32 - 33 individual vertebrae

an individual may have ____ to _____ vertebrae in their spinal column

pedicle

A shows

vertebral body

B shows

transverse process

C shows

lamina

D shows

Vertebral arch

E shows

inferior articular process

F shows

superior vertebral notch

G shows

superior articular process

H shows

spinous process

I shows

inferior vertebral notch

J shows

vertebral foramen

K shows

foramina

holes

plural of foramen

meaining?

vertebral canal

when the vertebrae are articulating together, all of the vertebral foramina form the _____

intervertebral foramina

when the vertebrae of the spine articulate together, the superior notch of one vertebra and the inferior notch of the one above it form…..

transverse foramen

bifid spinous process

whats unique to cervical vertebrae?

atlas

CI name

CI - atlas

vertebra has two lateral masses rather

occipital

atlantis-occipital joint - AO joint (yes joint)

CI articulates with the ______ bone of the skull to form what joint?

Atlas

______ is the facet for the dens of CII

dens

notable process of CII

atlanto-axial joint (no joint )

dens forms a pivot joint with the atlas to form this joint

transverse ligament - secures dens

alar ligaments - keeps movement/rotation of head in check

2 stabilizing joint of atlas

thoracic

vertebrae all articulate with ribs

demifacets

trait of thoracic spine that allow them to articulate with ribs

transverse costal facet

facet for articulation of thoracic vertebra with tubercle of rib

lumbar vertebrae

largest vertebrae - bear compressive weight as result of bipedalism

mammillary process

(bump on superior articular process)

unique feature of lumbar vertebrae

sacrum

consists of 5 fused vertebrae1

only superior articular processes since it is fused - no inferior processes

anterior and posterior sacral foramina

whats unique to the sacrum

3 to 4

coccycyx consists of ___ to ___ fused vertebrae

the passage of spinal nerves and blood vessels

intervertebral foramina provide space for….

posterior spaces

the ______ _________ of lumbar vertebrae allow easier access to the vertebral canal for things like lumbar punctures

between articular surfaces of the vertebral bodies of spine - covered by a layer of HYALINE CARTILAGE

IVD are found

annulus fibrosus - dense layers of fibrocartilage

nucleus pulposus - more gelatinous fibrocartilage in center

two components of IVD

facet joints

zygapophysial joints (ZP joints) aka

between superior and inferior articular processes.

location of ZP joints

synovial joints

ZP joints are _____ , meaning they have a fluid containing capsule

sloped

the greatest

cervical ZP joints are _____ allowing ______ range of motion

verical

limiting flexion/extension, permitting some rotation

thoracic ZP joints are _____ allowing what range of motion

curved

significantly limits range of motion - permits flexion/extesion

lumbar ZP joints are _____ which ______ range of motion

anterior longitudinal ligament

ligament from base of skull to anterior surface of sacrum that limits extension of back

posterior longitudinal ligament

ligament that limits flexion of the back and forms the anterior boundary of the vertebral canal

ligamenta flava

ligament that goes from lamina to lamina and limits the exposure of posterior spaces in lumbar vertebrae

limit flexion assist extension

anterior rami of spinal nerves

innervates extrinsic muscles

trapezius - innervated by cranial nerve 11

exception to extrinsic innervation

what innervates it?

movement of upper limbs

movement of ribs

main actions of extrinsic muscles

intrinsic muscles

innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves

support and move vertebral column and head

one set moves ribs

main actions of intrinsic muscles

superficial group and intermediate group

extrinsic muscles anatomical groups include:

deep group

intrinsic muscles anatomical group include:

axial bones

appendicular bones

superficial group all originate on _______ and insert on ________

trapezius

superficial muscle

broad triangle shape

elevates scapula & rotate the lateral part of the scapula upward

trapezius

oly bsck muscle innervated by cranial nerve CN XI

latissimus dorsi

originates on spinous processes from T VII to sacral ridge

inserts on anterior of humerus

causes extension, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus

adduction vs abduction

Adduction = movement TOWARD the body's midline

Abduction = movement AWAY from the body's midline

only extrinsic muscle that does not attach to the scapula

unique about the latissimus dorsi

levator scapulae

extrinsic muscle that elevates the scapula — pulls the medial border/superior angle upward

Rotates the lateral aspect of the scapula inferiorly (downward)

superior to rhomboid major

rhomboid minor’s position to rhomboid major

retraction/adduction of scapula

synergistic w levator scapulae in elevation of scapula & inferior lateral rotation of scapula

function of rhomboids

leavtor scapulae and rhomboids major/minor

what extrinsic muscles are deep to trap and lats

spinotransversales muscles

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis are both this type of intrinsic muscle

extension off neck

individual action of one of the muscles rotates head to same side as that muscle

action of both muscles in spinotransversales msucles

erector spinae

intrinsic muscles that are the primary extensors of the vertebral column

3 vertical columns of muscle