Unit 2: Cell Structure & Organelles, Membrane & Transport, Environment & Potential, Endocytosis & Exocytosis

Flashcards covering Cell Structure & Organelles, Membrane & Transport, Cellular Environment & Transport Potential, and Endocytosis & Exocytosis concepts from the lecture notes.

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

Cell

Which rigid outer layer in plant cells provides support?

Cell wall

What is the semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, controlling entry/exit of substances?

Plasma membrane

What are the contents of the cell, including organelles, excluding the nucleus?

Cytoplasm

What is the fluid portion of cytoplasm?

Cytosol

Which organelle stores DNA and controls cell activities?

Nucleus

What is the region in prokaryotic cells where DNA is located?

Nucleoid

Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell and generates ATP through cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

What is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells that converts light energy into chemical energy?

Chloroplast

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids?

Golgi apparatus

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, and detoxifies?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Which organelles contain digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris?

Lysosomes

Which organelles break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances?

Peroxisomes

Which storage organelles hold water, nutrients, and waste?

Vacuoles

What are the small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within cells?

Vesicles

Which plant organelle is involved in the synthesis and storage of food?

Plastid

What type of transport involves the movement of substances against their gradient, requiring energy?

Active transport

What type of active transport is directly powered by ATP?

Primary active transport

What type of active transport uses energy from another gradient to transport molecules?

Secondary active transport

What type of transport involves the movement of substances down a gradient without energy?

Passive transport

What is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration?

Diffusion

What type of diffusion occurs through a membrane with the help of proteins?

Facilitated diffusion

What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

Osmosis

What type of proteins form pores for molecules to pass through a membrane?

Channel proteins

What type of proteins bind and transport molecules across the membrane?

Carrier proteins

What type of proteins span the entire membrane?

Transmembrane proteins

What type of proteins are attached to the membrane surface?

Peripheral proteins

What is a protein that allows ions to move across a membrane?

Ion channel

Which active transport pump is responsible for maintaining membrane potential?

Sodium-potassium pump

What term describes a membrane that allows some substances to pass but not others?

Selectively permeable

What component maintains the fluidity and stability of the cell membrane?

Cholesterol

What are lipids with attached sugars involved in cell recognition called?

Glycolipids

What are proteins with attached sugars involved in signaling and recognition called?

Glycoprotein

What model describes the cell membrane as a dynamic, fluid structure with embedded proteins?

Fluid mosaic model

What are the short, hair-like projections used for movement or sensing?

Cilia

What are the long, whip-like structures used for cell movement?

Flagella

What term describes a solution with a higher solute concentration, causing water to move out of the cell?

Hypertonic

What term describes a solution with a lower solute concentration, causing water to move into the cell?

Hypotonic

What term describes a solution with equal solute concentration, resulting in no net water movement?

Isotonic

What is the control of water balance in cells called?

Osmoregulation

What is the potential energy of water in a system?

Water potential

What component of water potential is due to solute concentration?

Solute potential

What component of water potential is due to physical pressure?

Pressure potential

What is the combination of chemical and electrical gradients across a membrane?

Electrochemical gradient

What is the voltage across a cell membrane?

Membrane potential

What is the process of bringing materials into a cell called?

Endocytosis

What is the process of a cell taking in solids, also known as 'cell eating'?

Phagocytosis

What is the process of a cell taking in liquids, also known as 'cell drinking'?

Pinocytosis