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1st Crusade
Date - 1069-1099; Origin - French set out to take back the Holy Land; Pope Urban II called for French forces to aid the Byzantines in their war against the Seljuk Turks, promised that all who die had remission of sins
1st Triumvirate
Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
2nd Crusade
Date - 1147-1149; Origin - loss of Latin Crusader Kingdom; Participants - French + German forces;Outcome - complete failure, lose
2nd Triumvirate
Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
3rd Crusade
Date - 1189-1192
4th Crusade
Date - 1202-1204
Outcome - conquered Constantinople until 1261, more tension w/ E. Orthodox Church + Catholic Church, aborted attempt
5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdoms
brief period of disunion; kingdoms would rapidly rise and fall
8
How many times a day did Monks and Nuns go to church?
610 AD
Muhammad has a vision in a cave
612 AD
began preaching
622 AD
persecution of Muhammad made him flee from Mecca to Yathrib
630 AD
Muhammad conquers Mecca
661 AD
when was the 1st sunni led caliphate
700s
Conflict arose between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church in the
1054
The church officially split in
1215
When were English nobles forced King John to sign it?
1492
Finally succeeded in
ablution
act of cleansing
Abu Bakr
Muhammad's father-in-law, the first caliph
Aeneas
formed alliance with latins, descendants become rulers
Aeneas
Legendary Roman hero, the Romans trace their history back to him. He was a Trojan hero who left Troy after the Trojan War, eventually settling in Italy
Ali
Muhammad's son in law, assassinated
All Holy Roman Emperors:
"defender" of Catholicism, Most important Christian king, Could appoint bishops and other church officials
Alms (3)
Zakat
Almsgiving
charitable donations (2.5%)
Antononus Pius
Promoted art and science, construction of public works, legal reform, and new provision for orphans
approved it
less fortunate, poor people, and people w/o clans reaction to Mecca
Arminius/Hermann
German tribal leader who inflicted a major defeat on Rome by destroying three legions under Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Teutoburg Forest
Assemblies
ran city of Rome, Patricians + Plebeians
Barter
What is the usual form of exchange in Manorialism?
Battle of Pharsalus
Caesar defeats Pompey, marked the End of Roman Republic
Bazaar
literally, "covered market", it was an important trading center in every Muslim city
Beowulf
An Anglo-Saxon epic poem written in Old English sometime between 8th and 11th centuries, Earliest known work in Old English; first work in the English vernacular
Bishop
Above a Priest was a
Bubonic Plague
example of black death
Bushido
the way of the warrior
Caligula
Part of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigned 37 AD- AD 41, great nephew of Tiberius
Caliph
religious leader
Canterbury Tales
a series of stories told by 20 pilgrims as they traveled to Canterbury, Written in the vernacular (middle English at the time), Social commentary on the church and England
Carthage
former Phoenicians colony
Cato ("the Elder")
Was a Roman soldier, senator, and historian known for his conservatism and opposition to Hellenization. He was the first to write history in Latin
Cato ("the Younger")
Great-grandson of Cato (the elder). Opposes the Law (to weaken Caesar) and is arrested
Charlemagne
the first Holy Roman Emperor, Joined German, Christian, and Roman elements
Charles Martel
Frankish military leader and statesman, defeated Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours
Checks and Balances
keeps government from getting too strong
Chivalry
code of honor, loyalty, and duty
Cicero
Consul, tries to get rid of corruption in Senate and fails
Cincinnatus
dictator even though he was a farmer
Cincinnatus
One of Rome's most famous dictators became consul even though he was a farmer
Civic Duty
assembly meetings and voting
Civil War
Julia and child die, no more family tie between Caesar and Pompey, Battle of Pharsalus
Claudius
Part of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigned 41AD- AD 54, Uncle of Caligula
Cleopatra/Caesarion
Cleopatra had a son with Caesar and they named it Caesarion. Caesars only known biological son.
Clergy
church officials
Constantine (vs Maxentius)
Roman emperor after Diocletian that reunited the halves of the Roman Empire for a short time. Rises to power and was proclaimed Emperor after his father's death.
Consuls
elected magistrates yearly, most powerful
Convents
a community of Nuns
Convents
provided many of the same services as monasteries, Hospitality to travellers and Helping the needy
Crassus
Is the wealthiest man in Rome, and backs Caesar financially. Part of the First Triumvirate.
Crassus
richest man in rome, and was part of the 1st Triumvirate
Daimyo
The head of a noble (aristocratic) family
Diocese or Bishopric
The Bishop led a
Diocletian (vs Maximian)
Roman emperor, he divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves. Ruled the east and gave the western half to Maximian.
disapproved because they feared their money would be redistributed
Rich people's reaction to Mecca
Dominic de Guzman
a Spanish priest dedicated to defending Church teachings against heresy (the denial of basic Church doctrines)
Dominic de Guzman
Who started Dominican Order?
Dowry
a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage
Eid Mubarak
End of the Ramadan holiday
Empress Wu
only female leader in Chinese history (Tang Dynasty)
England
∧ in parliament's power;∨ in King's power
Etruscans
people who lived North of Rome
European Feudalism
was a political system based on loyalty, land, and service, Similar to Japanese Feudalism
Explain the Crisis of the 3rd Century and how the Empire split
Internal warfare, emperors proclaimed by troops, multiple "empires"
Fasting (Sawm) (4)
During Ramadan(a holy month),
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, land holding, and military service.
Forum
center of life
France
∧ noble's support of the King's power
Friars
called to live and work among the people, unlike monks, Not monastic, Similar oaths to monks, Dedicated to serving others
Gaius Cassius Longinus
Roman senator and general best known as a leading instigator of the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC
Gaius Julius Caesar
Roman general, he was one of the greatest military leaders in history. He conquered most of Gaul and was named dictator for life, but was later murdered by a group of senators
Gaius Marius
Encouraged poor people to join the army, soldiers were loyal, great political power
Gaius Marius
Marius was a good general and his troops were more loyal to him than they were to Rome. Had great political power, and was also a consul.
Gallic Wars
Caesar led Rome to win
Gauis Gracchus
Tiberius's brother, sold food cheaply to poor, killed by a slave
Genghis Khan
Unified the Mongols
Genghis Khan meaning
universal ruler
Germanic Law
based on blood, family, and revenge
Gnaeus Pompeius "Magnus" (Pompey the Great)
Roman general, Consul 3 times, Rome's premier military hero, member of 1st Triumvirate
God
Allah
God is Great
al akhbar
God's last Revelation
Qur'an meaning
Gothic Architecture
Served as symbols of the glory and majesty of faith and the church
Large stained glass windows
High vaulted ceilings
Pointed Arches
Grand Vizier
chief minister to the Sultan. Led council meetings and the main portion of the state affairs. Closely instructed by the Sultan
Gunpowder Empire
Muslim empires that conquered and controlled because of their mastery of firearms
habeus corpus
prisoners could not be held without due cause
Hadrian
Constructed Hadrian's Wall in Britain; erected many fine buildings, codified Roman law
Note 
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