Anatomy and Occupational Performance Final Exam

Forearm pronation muscles

Pronator teres

Quadratus

Wrist flexors

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Muscles that flex wrist and digits innervated by

Ulnar and Median nerves

Elbow extension muscles

Triceps Brachii

Anconeus

Wrist extension innervation

Radial nerve

Muscles that extend the wrist

Extensor carpi radials brevis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Joint involved in elbow flexion and extension

humeroulnar

Flexors of the elbow

Biceps brachii

Brachioradialis

Brachialis

Muscle primarily responsible for forearm supination

supinator

Muscles that assist with respiration

serratus posterior superior

serratus posterior inferior

You try to make a fist with your wrist flexed but are unable to perform the movement. What concept does this demonstrate?

active insufficiency

Arteries

oxygenated blood

Veins

deoxygenated blood

Which type of muscle contraction occurs without a change in length of the muscle being contracted?

isometric

All wheelchairs are intended to promote independent wheeled mobility

False

Which term describes multiple muscles working together, but acting in different directions, to produce the same motion?

Force couple

Primary occupation of a 0-3 month old is

eating

In an infant under 6-8 months old, fine motor skills are developed through

increasing proximal control and stability

Having the dexterity, supporting skills and structures for handwriting is developmentally appropriate for a

7 year old child

After a child starts walking, they will

continue to improve balance, stability, and control

When looking at child development it is important to remember that milestones occur

within ranges which are different for each child

In general, infants start crawling around

6 months

The eye has how many extra ocular muscles responsible for movement?

6

Increased collagen content in a bone will cause it to be more

elastic

During which phase of eating do most oral motor skills occur

oral phase

What is the only synovial joint in the face and is essential for eating and speech?

Temporomandibular joint

The muscles that are between the mandible and the hyoid bone are called

supra hyoids

The following muscles are responsible for creating the "11" that is commonly seen when the eyebrows are pulled inferiorly and medially

corrugated supercili

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus

Ear wiggling muscle

auricularis

Order of brachial plexus

Roots

Trunks

Divisions

Cords

Branches

Roots of brachial plexus

Dorsal scapular nerve

Long thoracic nerve

Dorsal scapular nerve innervates

rhomboids

levator scapulae

Long thoracic nerve innervates

Serratus anterior

Trunks of Brachial Plexus

Subclavian nerve- innvervates the subclavius muscle

Divisions of Brachial Plexus

Suprascapular Nerve

Medial Pectoral Nerve

Suprascapular nerve innervates

supraspinatus

infraspinatus

Medial pectoral nerve innervates

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Cords division of brachial plexus

Subscapular nerve

Thoracodorsal nerve

Subscapular nerve innervates

subscapularis (upper and lower)

Teres major (lower)

Thoracodorsal nerve innervates

Latissimus dorsi

Branches of Brachial Plexus

Axillary

Musculocutaneous

Median

Radial

Ulnar

Axillary Nerve innervates

Deltoid and Teres Minor

Musculocutaneous Nerve innervates

Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii (long and short heads)

Radial nerve innervates

Triceps and wrist extension

Motor Development- In Utero

Lots of movement due to maturation of nervous system and motor control

Motor Development- 0-3 months

Mostly involuntary reflexes

Oral Motor

Extension strength: head, shoulder, trunk control

Hands to mouth: early self-regulation

Motor Development- 4-6 months

Advanced extensor strength

Causes ability to sit up and roll

sensory input produces motor output

more extension w/ hands (open at 6 mos): good for early exploration & self feeding (soft foods not primary source of nutrition)

Motor development- 7-9 months

More control w/ UE

pincer grasp: thumb & pointer finger

object manipulation

more skills in LE and trunk- sitting upright, rolling/weight shifting

Crawling starts

Motor development- 10-12 months

Fine motor starts

More precise pincer

Dynamic sitting balance with postural transition

Pull to stand

Cruising

Motor development- 13-18 months

Fine motor skill spike

Bilateral UE movements

Visual Motor skills

Unsupported sitting

Steady mobility

Motor development- 19-24 months

Hand grasp refined- manipulation in fingers

Stairs (strength and endurance)

Hand preference emerges (2-5 years)

Spike in vocabulary (OM skills advance)

Motor development 2-3 yo

Coordination- strengthening, balance, jumping

Motor development 4-6 yo

Refinement in coordination

Tripod grasp: static to dynamic

Pinch flexion in early motor development

reflexive

Pinch extension in early motor development

Happens volitionally- more difficult to learn

Developmental Ranges

individual must be evaluated as a whole, BUT:

sitting: 6 months

crawling: 9 months

walking: 12 months

intentional grasp: 6-9 months; explodes at 12 months

Aspects of motor skills

Fluidity

Stability

Contralateral coordination (right/left and upper/lower)

Symmetry

Alignment

Midline

Effort

Adaptive skills for 6 mos to 5 years

Feeding and eating

Bathing

Dressing

Toileting

Grooming/Hygiene

Feeding and eating 6-12 months

Hands to mouth

finger feeding

Plays with utensils

cup drinking

Bathing 6-12 months

Splashes

May imitate washing

Dressing 6-12 months

9-12 months

Lifts arms/legs

pull off socks

Toileting 6-12 months

Fussy when soiled

G/H 6-12 months

Dependent

Feeding and Eating 12-18 mos

Finger feeds/digits

Utensil use emerging

Open cup

Bathing 12-18 mos

Imitates washing body

Dressing 12-18 mos

Holds out arms/legs

Starting to undress

Toileting 12-18 mos

Fussy when soiled

Sit on potty chair with assistance

G/H 12-18 mos

Emerging hand washing

Feeding and Eating 18-24 mos

Utensil use

Finger feeding / refined

Bathing 18-24 mos

May “help” wash body

Dressing 18-24 mos

Removes clothes

Dons / doffs easy shoes

Steps into pants being held

Pushes arms into sleeves

Toileting 18-24 mos

Sits on potty chair

Pulls pants up/down with assistance

G/H 18-24 mos

Washing hands starts

Feeding and Eating 2-3 years

Regular utensil use

Open cup

Bathing 2-3 years

Can wash body with assistance

Dressing 2-3 years

Can dress with moderate assistance
Incorrect orientation (clothes and shoes)

Assist with shoes

Dependent shoe tying

Toileting 2-3 years

Pulls pants up/down

Toilet training

Pericare emerging

By 3, may be independent

G/H 2-3 years

Washing hands

Feeding and Eating 3-4 years

Regular utensil use

Cutting easy foods

Bathing 3-4 years

Can wash body but poor thoroughness

Assist to wash hair

Dressing 3-4 years

Dresses independently

Recognizes incorrect clothing orientation

Orientation issues with shoes- NO shoe tying

May need assist w/ socks, fasteners, started zippers

Toileting 3-4 years

Independent or almost independent pericarp

G/H 3-4 years

Washes hands

Cleans face

Feeding and Eating 4-5 years

Independent

Cutting table foods/help with harder foods

Bathing 4-5 years

Washes body

Help with hair

Dressing 4-5 years

Independent

No orientation difficulty

Clothing fasteners

No shoe tying

Toileting 4-5 years

Independent

G/H 4-5 years

Brushes hair

Paste on toothbrush

Passive insufficiency

Motion restricted due to muscle cannot lengthen any more

Active Insufficiency

Motion restricted due to muscle cannot shorten any more

First Class Lever

Neck

RAE

Second Class Lever

Ankle

ARE

Third Class Lever

REAlly common

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

contribute stability to the joints of the body

Tendons

connect muscle to bone

transfer the force of muscle contraction to bone for joint movement

Types of Muscle

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Slow twitch fibers- Type 1

Fatigue slower

Fast twitch fibers- Type 2

More powerful,

Faster to fatigue

Prime Mover

Agonist- generates the most force to produce the motion