SCb 204 Lecture 1 vocabulary must know/ identifying different graph types

all multiple choice

What is an artery

carry blood away from the heart

What is a Vein?

carry blood back to the heart

What is a pulmonary circuit?

pumps blood to and from the lungs

What is a systemic circuit?

pumps blood to and from the rest of the body

What is the function of pericardium?

A fibrous sheath containing fluid that covers and protects the heart, helping it move and preventing friction

What is Cardiac tamponade?

Fluid accumulation inside the pericardium that compresses the heart and hardens its ability to pump

what is the coronary sinus function?

Drains deoxygenated heart tissue blood back into the right atrium

What does a heart murmur cause?

Occurs when a heart valve does not fully close, creating a swooshing sound

What is chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

directly connected to heart valve leaflets

what is papillary muscles?

anchor chordae tendineae and is not directly connected to the valve

What is the function of intercalated discs?

microscopic structures connecting adjacent cardiac muscle cells that allow coordinated electrical and mechanical contraction

What is the role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

Allows ions to pass rapidly from cell to cell within intercalated discs for synchronized contraction

What are the common vessel grafts used in coronary artery Bypass Grafting?

Saphenous vein bypass graft and left internal mammary artery bypass graft

What is Angina pectoris?

Chest pain symptom caused by reduced blood flow and oxygen to cardiac tissue

What is Myocardial ischemia?

oxygen deprivation in heart muscle

what is myocardial infraction?

a heart attack resulting in tissue damage

List the order of cardiac conduction system components

Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fiber system

What is ectopic beat?

an irregular heartbeat caused when non-pacemaker cells attempt to pace the heart

List the steps of pacemaker potential: what happens during each stage

1. Initial depolarization: Na+ enters until -40mV

2. Full depolarization: Ca2+ enters until +10mV

3. Repolarization: K+ leaves until -40mv

4. Minimum potential phase: K+ continues leaving until -60 mV

List the steps of contractile cell action potential: what happens during each stage

1. Rapid depolarization: Na+ enters until +20 mV

2. Initial repolarization: K+ leaves

3. Plateau phase: Ca2+ enters, keeping muscle contracted

4. Repolarization: Ca2+ channels close, K+ leaves

What is refractory period in cardiac cells definition?

cardiac muscle cell resists initiating another depolarization event

What is the significance of ECG P wave?

represents atrial depolarization

What is the significance of ECG QRS complex?

Represents ventricular depolarization

What is the significance of ECG T wave?

represents ventricular repolarization

What is the formula for heart rate

BPM= number of beats/time in seconds * 60sec/1min

What is Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)

Atria are twitching/fibrillating while the heart pumps normally

How is an ECG characterized?

an irregular baseline between normal QRS complexes

What are the characteristics of ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)

completely disorganized ventricular electrical activity with ought recognizable QRS waves, leading to cardiac arrest

What are the characteristics of AV heart block ECG chracteristics?

Electrical signal block between atria and ventricles, seen as extra P waves that are not followed by a QRS complex

What is Tachycardia?

fast heart rate greater than 100bpm

What is Bradycardia?

slow heart rate less than 60bpm

What is Diastole?

Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

What is Systole?

contraction phase

What are the main phases of the cardiac cycle?

Ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

What happens at phase 1: ventricular filling phase?

ventricles fill with blood

what happens at phase 2: isovolumetric contraction?

the volume does not change but it contracts

what happens at phase 3: ventricular ejection?

blood leaves ventricles forcing semilunar valves open

what happens at phase 4: isovolumetric relaxation phase?

ventricles rest but no blood goes back in no change in volume

What does the first heart sound (s1) cause by and its timing?

closure of the Av valves at the start of ventricular systole. corresponds to the QRS complex

what does the second heart sound (s2) cause by and its timing/what is corresponds to ?

closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole due to back pressure. corresponds to the end of the T wave

What is the stroke volume formula?

End-diastolic volume-end systolic volume

what is the cardiac output formula?

CO=HR X SV

What are the main factors effecting stroke volume?

Preload, contractility, afterload

What is preload?

volume of blood in ventricles

What is contractility?

force of contraction

what is afterload?

back pressure that the heart must overcome

What factors increase cardiac output?

epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, thyroid hormone, glucagon, aldosterone, ADH

What factors decrease cardiac output?

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

What is the function of the valves of heart?

stop back flow of blood

Which phase experiences diastole?

ventricles relax and fill with blood

which phase experiences systole?

ventricles contract and pump blood out

explain the state of the valves during Diastole?

Atrioventricular valves open and semilunar valves close

explain the state of the valves during systole?

semilunar valves open and atrioventricular valves close

Which nerve increases heart rate?

sympathetic

what nerve relaxes the heart?

Vagus

What type of graph is this?

Cardia dysrhythmia or AV heart block

What type of graph is this?

Atrial fibrillation

What type of graph is this?

Ventricular fib

which heart sound wave is louder and why?

S2 due to back pressure in valves