digestive

ingestion

the process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it

secretion

the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and. Salts. (saliva, chyme, enzymes)

motility

movement

peristalsis

· propulsion (pushing towards anus)

· pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum

segementation

· Keeps on squishing/mixing in a localized place

· Small intestine

haustral churning

· Large intestine

· Slow contractions of haustra to facilitate churning and squeezing out moisture

Ø For water resorption

digestion

Ø Mechanical or chemical break down of substances to be used in the body

Ø Completion of digestion is in small intestine

absorption

Small intestine- mostly nutrients

Large intestine- water

defecation

Elimination of feces from digestive tract through anus

GI tract

Ø Mouth

Ø Pharynx

Ø Esophagus

Ø Stomach

Ø Small intestine

Ø Large intestine

Ø Anal canal

accesory digestive organs

aids in ingestion, digestion, and absorption, but does not touch the food

Ø Teeth (know the 4 types of teeth and their uses)

Ø Tongue

Ø Salivary glands

Ø Liver

Ø Gallbladder

Ø Pancreas

bolus

wad of food that is mixed with saliva

chyme

The bolus is now called chyme when it is mixed with gastric acids in the stomach

lumen

cavity

Mucosa

The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; secrete digestive enzymes

gastric pits

Gastric glands that release secretions into the stomach

gastric glands

secrete gastric juice

cheif cells

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

parietal cells

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

intestinal crypts

found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produces intestinal juice

circular folds

deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine

absorptive cells

Intestinal cells that line the villi; and participate in nutrient absorption

goblet cells

secrete mucus

villi

Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed

Microvili

increase surface area for absorption

Peyer's patches

the numerous areas of lymphoid tissue in the wall of the small intestine that are involved in the development of immunity to antigens present there.

Submucosa

A layer of the human digestive system that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes

Muscularis

the muscular layer of a hollow organ or tube

Serosa

outermost layer

mouth (oral cavity)

opening where food enters the body and undergoes the first process of digestion

lips

form the opening to the oral cavity

hard palate

roof of the mouth

soft palate

muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate

uvula

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

tongue

manipulates food for chewing and swallowing; a taste organ

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

oropharynx

the area directly posterior to the mouth

laryngopharynx

lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus

esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

upper esophageal sphincter

prevents backflow of food from esophagus back into mouth

gastroesophageal sphincter

separates the esophagus from the stomach

stomach

A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat

cardiac region of stomach

surrounds the cardiac orifice

fundus region of stomach

bulge above the esophageal opening

pyloric region of stomach

lower portion of the stomach

lesser curvature

concave medial surface of the stomach

greater curvature of stomach

convex lateral surface of the stomach

rugae of stomach

let stomach expand when full

gastric juice

A digestive fluid secreted by the stomach

pyloric sphincter (of stomach)

Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine

mesentery

structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall

lesser omentum

attaches stomach to liver

greater omentum

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera

small intestine

The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place

duodenum

first portion of the small intestine

jejumun

middle of small intestine

ileum

the last and longest portion of the small intestine

brush border enzymes

break down double sugars into simple sugars and complete protein digestion

ileocecal valve

prevents food from moving back into the small intestine once it has entered the large intestine

large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces

cecum

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.

appendix

blind pouch hanging from the cecum

ascending colon

portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum

transverse colon

the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach

descending colon

portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon

sigmoid colon

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below

rectum

the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus

anal canal

region, containing two sphincters, through which feces are expelled from the body

internal anal sphincter

smooth muscle, involuntary

external anal sphincter

skeletal muscle, voluntary

haustra

pouches of the large intestine that allow expansion and elongation

anus

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

teeth

hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food

incisors

Front teeth used for cutting

canines (cuspids)

Teeth in front of the premolars that rip and tear food.

premolars (bicuspids)

broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or crush

molars (tricuspids)

Tooth type with a large flat surface and three grinding cusps

salivary glands

Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

parotid

the parotid gland is the salivary gland beside the ear

submandibular salivary gland

a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva

sublingual gland

salivary gland under the tongue

saliva

softens food in the mouth making it easier to swallow; helps break down food into simpler forms; secreted by glands in the mouth