Give Me Liberty Test #1

early exploration, english settlement, religion, superstitions, and witch trials

Christopher Columbus

Hired by the Queen and King of Spain to explore ocean passagaeways

• Gold

• Religion (Spanish Inquisition/Reconquista: reunite Spain by converting to Catholicism)

• Colonialism

Planned to go to India, but went to the Caribbean. Spain settles (Hispaniola), converts and enslaves locals, exploits resources

Middle Passage

The Pope intervenes with enslaving locals. Thus, as apart of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, the route from Africa to the Americas delivering slaves to provide a labor force in the Americas. Horrible conditions

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas; exchange goods from Europe, slaves from Africa, raw materials from the Americas (sugar, tobacco)

Bartholome de las Casas

A Spanish Dominican friar and author who fought for Native American rights (Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies). He wrote about the horrors the colonists inflicted on the natives.

Primary source

A firsthand account of a historical event; direct evidence from the time

Secondary source

A secondhand account of a historical event. A source that builds upon primary sources, not direct evidence itself.

French exploration motives

• Spread Catholicism and missionaries

• Expand trade routes

  • Expand fur trade outposts (beaver hunting)

Spanish exploration motives

God, Gold, Glory

• Make Spain rich with gold

• Spread Catholicism

• Dominate the land
  

English exploration motives

• Compete with French and Spanish Catholics (England was Protestant, not Catholic)

• Disrupt Spanish shipping and settlements

• Spread Protestantism

English, French, and Spanish exploration motives

Spanish: God, glory, gold

French: God, fur trading posts (business!)

English: disrupt Spanish settlement, spread Protestantism

Papal Bull, 1537

Pope Paul III declares that Indigenous Americans cannot be enslaved

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerers who explored and conquered in hopes to find riches and spread Catholicism

Encomienda

Natives must pay tribute to the Spanish via forced labor or payment

Repartimiento

forced labor

Hacienda (rancho)

Labor grants given to conquistadors, labor done by indigenous Americansthat combined large estates with agricultural production and the exploitation of native labor.

The Black Legend

Negative stereotype of Spain as a brutal and oppressive colonial power, particularly in its treatment of Indigenous peoples.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who found modern day Montreal in 1534, reached Gulf of St. Lawrence earlier

French locations of settlement

One near Ohio River Valley and one in Quebec by Samuel Champlain, capital of New France

French trading materials

Established good relations with the natives, traded European guns, cloth, and metal for Native American peltsand furs, facilitating a valuable fur trade.

Protestant Reformation

16th century religious movement that challenged Catholic authority following Martin Luther’s 95 Theses. The reformation spread across Europe.

95 Theses

Martin Luther’s list of 95 complaints about the Catholic church, particularly indulgences

English settlement attempts

Roanoke and Jamestown

Roanoke

North Carolina, 1584

• Buffer against the Spanish from settling in North America

• Act as a base for privateering

• Sir Richard Grenville sails back to England for supplies, colony is gone when Grenville returns

Jamestown

Second English settlement

1. Virginia, 1607

   • Single men interested in wealth, independence, and a fresh start

   • Rough early years: disease, famine, desperation, attacks. Lowkey flopping. Virginia Company unhappy.

   • 1610 - “The Starving Time” after relationship with locals go sour, settlers are not able to leave fort. Many die

   • John Rolfe introduces cash crop tobacco

Predominant religions of France, Spain, and England

France - Catholic

Spain - Catholic

England - Protestant

Queen Elizabeth I

Sir Walter Raleigh sailed west to settle Roanoke for Queen Elizabeth I

Environmental explanations of race

Regional differences influenced body variations (no superiority yet)

After Europeans and indigenous Americans interact, environmental explanations slowly disappear

Rampant disease creates a narrative for Europeans

Jamestown settler’s account of Natives

• All women do is labor, but men are always hunting for pleasure (unknowing that hunting is also labor)

  • Clothes, hair, shoes, etc.

John Smith

Captain of Jamestown

• Joined Virginia Company to assist with the colonization of Virginia. However, his colony struggled to feed itself so they became dependent on the Powhatan Indians (their relationship would turn sour).

• Smith was captured by Chief Powhatan’s men.

John Rolfe

Pocahontas’ husband. Introduced tobacco to Jamestown, helping their economy.

Starving Time

Jamestown, 1610

The settlers are unable to leave their house due to Powhatan Indians waiting outside. 80-90% died.

Cash crops

Crops that make good money, like tobacco or corn

Powhatan Wars

Wars between Powhatans and English because English settlers expanded into Powhatan territory.

First War: peace after Pocahontas and John Rolfe marry. English kidnapped her in 1613.

Second War: Powhatan Indians attacked English settlements killing 1200 settlers.

1619

In Jamestown, Governer Yeardley sets up a representative legislative assembly

A Dutch slave ship brings 20 Africans, whom the English purchase

Labor in the colonies

In Jamestown, labor started white (indentured servants, convicts), but later turned black (forced labor)

Slave Code of 1705

Established racial hierarchy legalized in Virginia (child follows mother’s status, baptism does not protect from bondage)

Nathaniel Bacon

Leader of Bacon’s rebellion in 1676-1677.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon, new to Virginia, leads militiamen to incite war with Indians to gain slaves and land (land conflicts)

They burn Jamestown
Bacon vs Berkeley

The Puritans / Pilgrims

Massachusetts / Plymouth Colony

• English Protestants

  • Came to purify the Anglican Church from Catholicism / Find a sense of religious community
    

TULIP

The theology of Puritans, inspired by John Calvin. Very extreme life

1. Total depravity - humans are born sinful

2. Unconditional election - God chooses who the save

3. Limited atonement - not everyone is saved

4. Irresistable grace - the holy spirit chooses you

5. Perserverance of the saints - once you are saved, you can’t lose your salvation
   

John Calvin

French religious reformer - source of inspiration for the Puritans

Mayflower Compact

King James I persecuted the Puritans / Pilgrims, so they go to Holland, then Jamestown. A document made on the Mayflower establishing self-governance.

William Bradford

leader of Plymouth Colony for 30 years (Pilgrims). His wife dies first winter

Malleus Maleficarum

A book by Heinrich Kramer that leads to ideas of witchcraft

• Mostly women targeted - they gossip, lie, and are easily swayed, are deceptive

Heinrich Kramer

Author of Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of the Witches)

Witch Bull 1484

Pope Innocent says witchcraft is to blame for hindering childbirth and marriage

Cotton Mather

Very religious Puritan clergyman, bystander to the trials.

Wrote “Wonders of the Invisible World”

Thought people needed more punishment, sad the witch trials stopped.

Targeted demographic of witch trials

Women, beggars, healers, midwives, any cunning women

Elizabeth Tibbots’ case

She was reported to throw up everything from eggs to guns

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement steeped in rationality (ironic during the witch trials)

• Valued knowledge, freedom, happiness

• Thought witch trials were dumb
  

Indian Massacre at York, Maine

During the witch trials, settlers flee to Salem to escape violence and are accused of witchcraft because of their connections with Indian groups (proximity to the wilderness)

Samuel Parris

Disliked by villagers, stopped getting paid to drive him out

His daughter Betty and niece Abigail start acting strange in 1692

Themes of darkness, witchcraft, and demonology in the American frontier

Settlers escaping King William’s War are accused of witchcraft because of theur proximity to darkness from the war

Tituba and her interrogation

Half African, half Indian from Barbados

Caribbean origin

Confessed to cursing Betty and Abigail