3- Epilepsy - 5th year

A clinical event showing signs or symptoms due to abnormal neuron discharge is called __________.

Seizure

__________ refers to recurrent, unprovoked seizures.

Epilepsy

The types of seizures include Partial (Focal) and __________.

Generalized

__________ seizures do not alter consciousness but __________ seizures do.

Simple; complex

A seizure that begins in one hemisphere is classified as __________.

Partial (Focal)

An absence seizure can be __________ or __________.

Typical; atypical

__________ epilepsy has a genetic cause, while __________ epilepsy has no known cause.

Idiopathic; cryptogenic

The EEG changes seen in tonic-clonic seizures involve __________ activity alternating with __________.

Tonic; clonic

__________ seizures result in a transient loss of awareness.

Absence

The common causes of neonatal seizures include __________ and __________ imbalances.

Electrolyte; metabolic

The clinical appearance of neonatal seizures can include __________, __________, and __________ seizures.

Tonic; clonic; myoclonic

Neonatal seizures can occur within the first __________ weeks of life.

4

The incidence of seizures in neonates is estimated to be __________ per 1,000 live births in full-term newborns.

1–3.5

Most neonatal seizures are __________ or __________ in nature.

Focal; multifocal

The most common cause of neonatal seizures is __________.

Birth asphyxia

__________ encephalopathy correlates with poor neurologic outcomes in neonates.

Severe

MRI and EEG abnormalities are linked to __________ outcomes in seizures.

Poor neurologic

In newborns, seizures that last __________ are usually indicative of a more serious condition.

Longer

The drug of choice for treating neonatal seizures is __________.

Phenobarbital

The EEG for early myoclonic encephalopathy shows a __________-burst pattern.

Suppression

Generalized seizures result from __________ neuron discharges throughout the brain.

Widespread

Febrile seizures typically occur in children aged __________ to __________ years.

6 months; 5 years

A complex febrile seizure lasts longer than __________ minutes or occurs more than __________ times in 24 hours.

15; once

Initial seizure activity in __________ epilepsy is often more severe and has a poor prognosis.

Epileptic encephalopathy

Non-idiopathic epilepsy with a known cause is classified as __________ epilepsy.

Symptomatic

Neonatal seizures are primarily considered __________ in nature.

Symptomatic

__________ seizures are the most difficult to clinically diagnose due to subtle signs.

Subtle

The prognosis for benign neonatal convulsions and benign familial neonatal convulsions is considered __________.

Good

Subdural hematoma and focal ischemic necrosis can cause __________ in neonates.

Seizures

Myoclonic seizures are characterized by __________ contractions of a body part.

Irregular

The primary purpose of EEG in seizure management is to assess __________.

Electrical activity

Seizures can be triggered by __________ deprivation or __________ responses in sensitive individuals.

Sleep; photo-paroxysmal

__________ is a common symptom associated with neonatal seizures, involving sudden muscle tone loss.

Atonic seizures

The onset of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy typically occurs around __________ years of age.

15

__________ syndrome is characterized by recurrent seizures in infants after an uneventful pregnancy.

Benign neonatal convulsions

The interictal EEG in juvenile absence epilepsy generally shows generalized spike-and-wave activity at __________ Hz.

2.5 – 4

Infantile spasms can manifest as __________ or __________ movements.

Flexor; extensor

Seizures most frequently recorded in girls have a peak incidence at __________ years.

10-12

____________ conditions are often associated with seizures, including metabolic and CNS infections.

Systemic

The treatment for refractory epilepsy may include the ketogenic diet, __________, or surgery.

Vagal nerve stimulation

Neurocutaneous disorders, such as __________, can lead to symptomatic epilepsy.

Tuberous sclerosis

In girls, __________ seizures peak around menarche during adolescence.

Generalized tonic-clonic

In childhood epilepsy, a family history raises the risk for __________ seizures.

Febrile

An EEG normalizes between seizures in children with __________ seizures.

Simple febrile

Peak ages for onset and recurrence of seizures are critical for understanding __________ management.

Long-term

The risk factors for febrile seizures include male sex and __________ history.

Family

Prolonged seizures in the resolving stage can lead to __________ and neurological deterioration.

Progression

Seizures can significantly vary based on the underlying __________, necessitating personalized treatment approaches.

Etiology

In treatment, __________ agents are implemented as first-line responses to control seizures.

Antiepileptic

Absence seizures often present with a blank stare or __________.

Unresponsiveness

Monitoring for potential complications such as __________ or sudden collapse is crucial in seizure management.

Atonic seizures

Seizures persisting beyond 24 hours are classified as __________ seizures.

Prolonged

Epidemiological studies highlight that __________ is a common initial sign of epilepsy in neonates.

Seizure activity

A sudden jerking movement without alteration in awareness is classified as a __________ seizure.

Myoclonic

The threshold for seizure response in neonates is generally __________ due to their developing brains.

Lower

Structural lesions in the brain frequently lead to __________ seizures in affected individuals.

Symptomatic

Seizure management often involves evaluating for existing __________ or injury indications.

Structural abnormalities

Identifying familial epilepsy syndromes provides insights into potential __________—type risks in patients.

Genetic

The treatment hierarchy for seizures typically starts with __________ and progresses as needed.

First-line agents

Diagnosis of epilepsy often involves observing __________ patterns during and between seizure episodes.

EEG

Common characteristics of myoclonic seizures are their __________ onset and irregular nature.

Brief

A history of __________ seizures in siblings raises concerns for future cases in younger patients.

Febrile

____ __ _____ of seizures is a critical factor in determining long-term outcomes and impacts of therapy.

Timing of onset

In neonates, seizures secondary to metabolic factors may include conditions like __________ and hypoglycemia.

Hypocalcemia

Bursts of high amplitude slow spikes on EEG can indicate a diagnosis of __________ seizures.

Myoclonic

Seizures that are secondary to underlying factors necessitate a thorough __________ to address the root cause.

Workup

Surveillance of interictal periods is important for tracking neuromuscular changes and identifying __________.

Seizure foci

Connection of EEG findings with clinical pictures is termed __________ correlation.

Electroclinical

The goal of using AEDs includes reducing seizure frequency and achieving a better quality of __________.

Life

Regular follow-up and changes in therapeutic strategies can be influenced by __________ responses in patients.

Seizure

Recognition of seizure types facilitates accurate __________ and management.

Diagnosis

The annual incidence of febrile seizures is estimated at __________ to __________% of all children.

2-5

Treatment protocols should consider the potential for __________ complications stemming from seizure activity.

Neurological

Establishing a comprehensive treatment plan requires collaboration across multiple __________ specialties.

Medical

Epidemiological data suggests seizure types evolve due to changes in __________ maturity.

Neurological

Genetic predispositions to epilepsy can be guided by family __________ during assessments.

History

Interventions for seizures focus on establishing control while assessing underlying __________ conditions.

Pathophysiological

Effective compliance with AEDs is necessary to minimize __________ and maintain quality of life.

Seizure activity

Children with ongoing seizures benefit from multidisciplinary evaluations including __________ and neuropsychology.

Neurology

Once diagnosis is established, families should receive ongoing __________ regarding condition management and therapies.

Education

Genetic counseling may provide insights for families with a history of __________ disorders.

Epileptic

Nutrition plays an important role in the management of epilepsy, especially with __________ diets for intractable cases.

Ketogenic

Clinical studies are critical for understanding the __________ of newly emerging treatment options for seizures.

Efficacy

Each seizure type presents distinct features and requires thorough __________ for appropriate management.

Characterization

A child experiencing recurrent seizures may require additional assessments for __________ effects on development.

Cognitive

Long-term management plans should be adaptable to changes in __________ patterns observed over time.

Seizure

Understanding the classification of seizures aids in predicting potential __________ seizure risks in patients.

Subsequent

The assessment of seizure severity can guide appropriate __________ protocols in management.

Intervention

Phenobarbital remains a key first-line treatment for neonatal seizures due to its __________ in effective control.

Efficacy

Seizures may exhibit a range of clinical presentations and require rigorous __________ to evaluate.

Diagnostic workup

Systemic conditions affecting the brain can amplify the risk of __________ development in young children.

Seizures

Comprehensive care in epilepsy requires consideration of both physical and __________ aspects of the disorder.

Psychosocial

Genetic testing can reveal the underlying mechanisms driving __________ in childhood seizure disorders.

Epilepsy

Successful management of epilepsy often requires balancing AED use with potential __________ effects.

Adverse

Timely recognition and intervention are crucial to improving outcomes for children experiencing __________.

Seizures

Pharmacologic therapy in epilepsy may include agents that enhance __________ neurotransmission to reduce seizure frequency.

Inhibitory

Refractory seizure cases can lead to extensive evaluation of underlying __________ elements contributing to seizure activity.

Pathological

A comprehensive history and initial evaluation is essential to identify the type of __________ a patient may experience.

Seizure

Overall prognosis for epilepsy often hinges on numerous factors including __________, duration, and severity before treatment begins.

Age of onset

Broadly defining causes of seizures includes __________, structural, or metabolic abnormalities responsible for symptoms.

Genetic