Integrated Science Exam 2

What are the 5 properties of water?

1. Polar

2. Excellent solvent

3. Cohesive

4. Adhesive

5. Maintains stable temperature

What does it mean that water is a good solvent?

it is capable of dissolving other substances

What is cohesion?

water molecules stick together (because of hydrogen bonds at the surface of the liquid which creates surface tension)

What is adhesion?

water molecules stick to other substances

Capillary Action

When water rises against gravity in narrow tubes (because of cohesion and adhesion)

What is specific heat?

the amount of energy needed to raise temperate of 1 gram of substance 1 degree celsius

Does water have a high or low specific heat?

water has a high specific heat because of hydrogen bonds

heat of vaporization

calories required to change 1 gram of liquid to 1 gram of vapor

Density of water is greatest at _ degrees celsius

4 degrees celsius (water expands as temperature decreases)

What is an acid

a compound that ionizes in water to yield H+ (hydrogen)

What is a base?

a compound that ionizes in water to yield OH- (hydroxide)

Acids are a proton __

donor (H+)

Bases are proton __

acceptors (OH-)

The pH scale measures __

acidity

log 100 = __

2

log 1000 = __

3

log .01 = __

-2

log 0.001 = __

-3

What number is the most acidic on the pH scale?

0

What number is the most basic on the pH scale?

14

The pH scale ranges from what numbers?

0-14

What is a balanced pH? (water)

7

On the pH scale, 5 is __x more __ than 7

100x more acidic

On the pH scale, 11 is __x more __ than 8

1000x more basic

What is the pH of blood?

7.4

What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?

1. Composed of cells

2. Capable of growth and development

3. Materials and Energy

   1. Self-regulate through metabolism 

   2. Conduct homeostasis 

4. Movement 

5. Respond to stimuli - inside and outside the body

6. Reproduce - Pass on genetic material

7. Adaptation 

What does nephesh mean?

It means “life”, or the whole physical being “soul”

What are 3 Biblical examples of “life”?

1. Nephesh (life, soul, physical being) (Genesis 1:20)

2. “breath of life” - ruach (Gen 2:7)

3. “blood” (the life of the flesh is in the blood, Leviticus 17:11)

What is development?

all changes that take place during the life of an organism

What is metabolism

all the chemical activities and energy transformation that are essential to the body (ex. photosynthesis)

What is homeostasis?

automatic tendencies to maintain an appropriate internal environment (ex. temperature regulation, insulin levels, hunger)

What is a population

same species in a particular region

What is a community

populations of different species

What is an ecosystem

communities AND the non-living environment

what is the ecosphere?

the earth as a whole with all living and nonliving parts

What is taxonomy?

classifying and naming living organisms

Who is John Ray?

He wrote The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation

Who is Carolus Linnaeus?

Developed the binomial system

List the classification hierarchy from specific to broadest

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Division, Kingdom, Domain

What are the 4 kingdoms of domain eukarya?

1. Protista

2. Fungi

3. Plantae

4. Animalia

All organic compounds contain what element?

Carbon

Where is energy stored?

in the bonds

What are the 4 organic macromolecules?

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Why is carbon important to macromolecules?

it is able to from covalent bonds with up to 4 different atoms

What are the 5 functional groups that attach to carbon?

1. Hydroxyl

2. Carboxyl

3. Amino

4. Sulfhydryl

5. Phosphate

What is dehydration synthesis?

the process of covalently linking monomers (building)

what is hydrolysis?

process of breaking polymer chains by adding water (breaks the bonds)

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

1. Energy (food)

2. Structure (cellulose and chitin)

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

1. Monosaccharide (3-6 carbon atoms)

   -Glucose and Fructose

2. Disaccharides (2 covalently bonded monosaccharides)

   -Sucrose (glucose+fructose)

3. Polysaccharides (large linkages of monosaccharides)

   -starch (chain of glucose)

What are the functions of lipids?

1. Biological fuel (fat)

2. Components of cell membrane (phospholipids)

3. Hormones (steroids, chemical messenger)

What do lipids contain?

A glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms, and are solid at room temperature. has all hydrogen bonds that it can take

Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbon atoms, and are usually liquid at room temperature. has a kink in it

What are the functions of protein?

1. Structure of cells and tissues (blood, muscles, antibodies)

2. Enzymes

What is the function of nucleic acids?

1. Genetic Code

Nucleotides contain what 3 things

1. A 5 carbon sugar

2. A phosphate group

3. A nitrogen base (purine or pyrimidine)

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

Contains a phospholipid bilayer (head is hydrophilic, tail is hydrophobic)

What are the 4 protein levels?

1. Primary Structure

2. Secondary Structure

3. Tertiary

4. Quaternary

What is the primary structure of a protein made of?

it is a linear sequence of amino acids in a chain

What is the secondary structure like?

coiling of chain due to H-bonds between amino acids (alpha = curly, beta = pleated)

What is the shape of a tertiary protein structure?

3D shape

What is a quaternary protein structure like?

2 or more polypeptide chains that are grouped together

For DNA, what does Adenine pair with?

Thymine

For DNA, what does Guanine pair with?

Cytosine

For RNA, what does Adenine pair with?

Uracil

What are the 2 purines?

Adenine and Guanine

What are the 3 pyrimidines?

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

What does double helix refer to?

the 3d structure of DNA where 2 strands of nucleotides twist around each other.

What sugar is in DNA?

Deoxyribose

What sugar is in RNA?

ribose

Where is the highest energy bond in ATP?

between last 2 phosphates

What is ATP?

a nucleic acid with an adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

What does ATP do?

the primary energy source of cells. it stores and transfers energy needed for cellular processes