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Economic theory
abstract representation of how economic variables interact with each othe
Economic model
representation of how economic variables interact with each other expressed in mathematical terms (equations or diagrams)
Ceteris parabus
“all else being equal”
Positive statement
factual statement that can be proven and verified by resorting to further investigation
Normative statement
Statement based on opinion that cannot be justified by resorting to further investigation.
Problem of scarcity
insufficient resources to meet unlimited wants.
Opportunity cost
the next best alternative forgone/sacrificed when an economic decision made
Economic goods
scarce because limited resources have been used in their production. there is an opportunity cost associated with producing economic goods.
Free goods
goods that do not involve the use of scarce resources. No opportunity cost
Land
refers to all natural resources utilized in the production process.
Labour
refers to the human effort that is used in production process.
Capital
human made aid/goods that are used to produce other goods and services.
Enterprise
entrepreneurs that are risktakers who organise the other factors of production.
Pure command economy
resources are allocated outside/without markets via a planning mechanism. Heavy amounts of government intervention or central state planning
MIXED ECONOMY
contains large market and non market sectors
Market sector
parts of the economy where goods and services primarily sold via supply and demand like a free market economy
Non market sector
parts of the economy where goods and services are provided by the government mostly
PURE MARKET ECONOMY
the price mechanism allocates resources in markets (supply and demand, like a free market economy)
COMMUNIST ECONOMY
Means of production are commonly/publicly owned
MIXED ECONOMY
Mixed ownership of production by private and public sectors
CAPITALIST ECONOMY
Means of production and privately owned
Production possibility curve
shows the maximum output combinations of two goods and services that can be produced when fully utilising current resources and technology in a given period of time.