One of the greatest accomplishments of the civil rights movement. First emerged during reconstruction, became targets for racial violence and disappeared due to southern white backlash. Second emerged after 1900s, during the Jim Crow era. Earned status in occupations of service to their own communities (preaching and teaching). Not threatening to whites as they had no interest in serving the black community. Third emerged after WWII in result of black access to manufacturing jobs, did not last long. Result of the Civil Rights Movement, Affirmative Action Legislation, School Desegregations, and the Civil Rights Act. Whites view this as evidence of the demise of racial inequality. Should be understood as progress, not the end goal (residential segregation, more economically fragile, do not perform as well in school, vulnerable of racial discrimination)