PHARMACOLOGY (PHARMACY)

drug

any article intended for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and mitigation of disease

functional modifiers

replenishers

chemotherapeutic agents

drugs can be classified into three (3) categories namely:

Functional Modifier

this classification of drug modifies the function of cell; altering the physiologic or biochemiclal activity of the cell

functional modifiers

NSAIDS (Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs) are under what general classification of drugs.

provide analgesia after pain perception

NSAIDS function

functional modifiers

monoclonal antibodies are under what general classification of drugs

-mab

monoclonal antibodies usually have the suffix _____

Interleukin-6 inhibitor

Tocilizumab drug classification

COVID-19 virus

Tocilizumab is usually used for treating what

cytokine storm

Interleukin-6 is inhibited to prevent what

severe infection leading to cytokine storm

increase in interleukin-6 is said to signal what in the body during COVID-19

COVID-19 → Increased interleukin-6 → severe infection → cytokine storm

Tocilizumab inhibits interleukin-6 reducing infection stopping cytokine storm

explain the MOA of Tocilizumab

VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitor)

Bevacizumab drug classification

increased angiogenesis

increased VEGF increases what?

cancer chemotherapy

Bevacizumab is used as

normal cell → increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) → increased angiogenesis → cancer cell

Bevacizumab blocks/ inhibits VEGF

explain the MOA of Bevacizumab

replenishers

general classification of drugs where it restores the amount of endogenous substance in the body

Hypothyroidism

Diabetes Mellitus

Pernicious Anemia

three common cases in need of the general classification of drugs “replenishers”

thyroid hormone (TH)

for the case of hypothyroidism what endogenous substance is lacking

T3 and T4

thyroid hormone can be divided into?

T3 (Triiodothyronine)

more potent and biologically active form of thyroid hormone

T4 (tetraiodothyronine or also known as tyrosine)

more abundant and less potent form of thyroid hormone

hormone replacement therapy (Levothyroxine, Liothyronine)

treatment for hypothyroidism

Diabetes Mellitus

a metabolic disorder wherein there is an increase of glucose due to decrease in insulin

Type 1 and 2 DM

Diabetes mellitus classification can be divided into ?

the pancreas have reduced B cell production leading to decreased insulin → increased body glucose

explain the brief pathophysiology of Type 1 DM

absolute insulin, juvenile onset, insulin dependent

DM 1 is also known as

Latent autoimmune disorder in adult

what is the type 1.5 DM called

insulin receptors lose sensitivity → decreased insulin effect → body compensates → b cell production → increased insulin → dysfunction

explain the brief pathophysiology of type 2 DM

relative insulin deficiency, adult onset, non-insulin dependent

Type 2 DM is also known as

pernicious anemia

is an autoimmune disorder wherein it usually is a result from vitamin B12 deficiency

stomach → inhibited parietal cells → HCl and decreased intrinsic factor→ no transportation to the terminal ileum → achlorhydria and decreased Vitamin B12 absorption

explain briefly the pathophysiology of pernicious anemia

impaired position and vibration sense, megaloblastic anemia

vitamin b12 deficiency causes

vegetarian diet

gastrectomy

ileectomy

fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum)

chronic use of metformin

vit b9 deficiency

causes of megaloblastic anemia

causes no impaired position and vibration sense

unlike vitamin b12 vit b9 causes no what?

cancer treatment and antimicrobial treatment of infection

chemotherapeutic agents is used for

chemotherapeutic agent

salvarsan is classified what general classification of drugs

arsphenamine, CFD-606, magic bullet

salvarsan is also known as

syphilis (S. palladium) a spirochete

salvarsan is used for the treatment of

pharmacodynamics

what the drug does to the body

mechanism of action and drug receptor interaction

pharmacodynamics focuses on

target mediated and non target protein mediated

mechanism of action can be divided into two parts

structural and regulatory

target mediated MOA can be further divided into two namely

enzymes

channels

carriers

receptors

under regulatory targeted mediated MOA can be further classified into 4

structural proteins

proteins that provides the cellular framework

polymerization

Tubulin undergoes what type of process to be converted into microtubules

colchicine (tx of acute gout)

albendazole (tx for helminthic infestations)

vinca alkaloids (cancer treatment )

what drugs specifically targets (inhibits) polymerization of tubulin into microtubules

disassembly

drugs like colchicine, albendazole, vinca alkaloids induce what effect in the polymerization of structural proteins like tubulin

neurotoxic

ADR of vincristine related to polymerization of tubulin

bone marrow suppression

ADR of vinblastine related to polymerization of tubulin

taxanes (Taxus brevifolia) ; paclitaxel, docetaxel

what drugs targets (induce) the polymerization of tubulin to microtubules

diarrhea

known side effect of paclitaxel

mitotic spindle

microtubules is further disassembled and rebuilt into

griseofulvin (antifungal)

drug that targets (inhibits)the disassembly and rebuilding of microtubules into mitotic spindle

regulatory protein

protein mediated target that regulate the cell activity

channels

regulatory proteins that serves as a passageway for substances

voltage gated or ligand gated

regulatory protein channels are classified into either

Voltage gated channels

a channel in which it depends on the potential (difference in chemical change) between the interior and exterior of the cell

plasma/ cell membrane

voltage gated channel general location

neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells

voltage gated ion channel specific locations

anticonvulsants

local anesthetics

class 1 antiarrhythmics

what drugs target the voltage gated sodium channels

sulfonylureas

class 3 antiarrhythmics

what drugs target the voltage gated potassium channels

ethosuximide

CCBs

class IV antiarrhythmics

what drugs targets voltage gated calcium channels

Ethosuximide

what is the drug of choice for petit mal or absent seizures

Dihydropyridine (DHP) and Non-Dihydropyridine (non-DHP)

Calcium channel blockers can be classified into two namely

blood vessels

DHP primarily targets what

heart

Non-DHP primarily targets what

-dipine

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers examples

verapamil and diltiazem

Non-didhydropyridine examples

ligand gated ion channels

channels that depends on the binding of a specific ligand

plasma/ cell membrane

general location of ligand gated ion channel

intracellular organelles, central and peripheral nervous system, neuromuscular junction

specific locations of ligand gate ion channels

ligands

are substances that bind to a receptor

Na (sodium)

what is the ligand gated ion channel associated with the nicotinic receptor

acetylcholine

what is the ligand needed to bind with the nicotinic receptor to activate the sodium ion channel.

acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptor → channel opens → extracellular Na comes in the cell → elicit effect

explain how a ligand gated sodium channel works

-Cl (Chloride)

what is the ligand gated ion channel associated with the GABA receptor

GABA

what is the ligand needed to activate the GABA receptor in the Cl- ion channel

GABA binds to GABA receptor → ion channel opens → extracellular Cl- comes inside the cell → elicit effects

explain how a ligand gated chloride channel works

carriers

substances that will facilitate transport across the membrane, used in active transport

“Pumps”

carriers are also known as

Na K ATPase pump

H K ATPase pump

2 common examples of pumps

2 K (potassium ion) in

3 Na (sodium ion) out

in a sodium potassium ATPase pump how many ions goes in and out

sodium potassium exchanger → exchange 2 sodium in → exchange potassium 3 out

explain how a sodium potassium ATPase pump works

Digoxin (cardiac glycoside) and Digitoxin

drugs that acts as a direct inhibitor of Na⁺ K⁺ ATPase pump

Digoxin blocks the Na⁺/K⁺ pump → ↑ Na⁺ inside → inhibit Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange → ↑ Ca²⁺ inside → illicit effect in the heart

explain the MOA of Digoxin

Na⁺ and Ca⁺²

Digoxin increases what endogenous substance

↑ muscle contraction → (+) inotropic activity

increase in sodium and calcium elicit what effect in the heart

increased extracellular potassium (K)

increased intracellular sodium (Na)

increased intracellular calcium (Ca)

effects of digoxin

hypokalemia

hypoxemia

hypomagnesemia

hypercalcemia

electrolyte imbalances related to digoxin toxicity

H⁺ K⁺ ATPase pump (Proton Pump)

pumps that is usually targeted by drugs that aids in acid related disorder

Stomach in parietal cells

H⁺ K⁺ ATPase pump location

Histamine 2 receptor

respective receptor of Histamine 2 (H2) in the parietal cells

Muscarinic 3 receptor

respective receptor of acetylcholine (Ach) in the parietal cells

CCK-B (CCK-2) receptor

respective receptor of Gastrin (G) in the parietal cell

H2 receptor

M3 receptor

CCK-B (CCK-2) receptor

stimulatory receptors found in parietal cells

somatostatin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

inhibitory receptors found in parietal cells

somatostatin receptor (SSTR)

respective receptor of somatostatin in the parietal cells

EP 3 receptor

respective receptor of prostaglandin E2

dinoprostone

PGE 2 is also known as