bms 212 ch 8 smartbook

products are made from

substrates

products are made from_____ with the help of ______

substrates/ biological catalysts

biological catalysts are classified as

enzymes and ribozymes

in a biological catalyst, enzymes are made of and ribozymes are made of

proteins and RNA

biological catalysts lower the

activation energy

biological catalysts are influenced by

PH and Temperature

Activation energy increases the

reaction rate

reaction rate affects the environmental variables such as

pH and temp

exoenzyme acts

outside the cell

endoenzyme acts

inside the cell

present in constant amounts even with changing substrate concentration

constitutive enzyme

enzyme is induced or reduced with changing substrate levels

regualted enzyme

prevents the actual substrate from binding and the enzyme is shut down

competitive inhibition

does not involve an inhibitor molecule competing with substrate for the active site or disabling the active site

non competitive inhibition

also called EMP pathway

glycolysis

also known as the citric acid or triboxylic acid cycle

krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory chain

electron transport

converts glucose through several steps of pyruvic acid

glycolysis

provides a way to synthesize a small amount of ATP

glycolysis

provides a way to synthesize a small amount of ATP and release another potential source of NADH

glycolysis

starts off activation of glucose and followed by oxidation reactions of glucose fragments, the synthesis of ATP

glycolysis

glucose is phosphorylated at the number 6 carbon by an ATP glucose-6 phosphate

first step on glycolysis

glucose-6-phosphate is converted to its isomer, fructose-6-phosphate

second step in glycolysis

another ATP is spent in phosphorylating the first carbon of fructose-6 phosphate, which yields a molecule with two phosphates called fructose-1, 6-diphosphate

third step in glycolysis

the reactions of _____ give us ____ pyruvic acids per glucose. The two substrate-level phosphorylations produce a total of ___ ATPs, but the net number of ATP is available to the cell from the reaction is ____

glycolysis

2

4

2

to connect the glycolysis pathway to krebs cycle, the pyruvic acid is first converted to the

starting compound

In the starting compound of the krebs cycle, it converts pyruvic acid and brings in an enzyme complex and coenzyme____ to participate in the oxidation of pyruvic acid, the reduction of ____+ to ____ and the decarbonylation of pyruvic acid to a 2-___ aectyl group. this group remains attached to coenzyme ___ forming acetyl ____ _ that feeds into the krebs cycle.

A

NADH+

NADH

C

A

coenzyme

A

how many NADH’s are produced in glycolysis?

two

this pathway involves oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport chain

involves proteins in the cell membrane of prokaryotes or the inner mitchondrial membrane of eukaryotes

electron transport chain

Both NADH and FADH2 are produced in this reaction

krebs cycle

larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

catabolism

larger molecules are built from smaller molecules

anabolism

all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

metabolism

proton motive force is

chemiosmosis

In the event of an inadequate glucose supply, pyruvate serves as the starting point in glucose synthesis from various metabolic intermediates in a process called

gluconeogenesis

the two 3-carbon molecules that glucose is split into during glycolysis are converted through a series of steps ending in what 3-carbon molecule?

pyruvate

How many net ATP molecules are produced upon the completion of the series of glycolytic reactions?

2

In eukaryotes, glycolysis takes place in the

cytoplasm

Where does carbon dioxide go when it is released during reactions of the Krebs cycle?

It diffuses out of the cell.

The process of decarboxylation involves

removing carbon.

How many net ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis

two

For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many times does the Krebs cycle turn?

two

For one turn of the Krebs cycle, how many NADH are produced?

three

The main purpose of cellular respiration is to

harvest energy

Where do NADH and FADH2 go after being produced in the Krebs cycle?

electron transport chain

The Krebs cycle is part of fermentation, as well as cellular respiration. true or false

false

The Krebs cycle is part of fermentation, as well as cellular respiration.

false

Hydrogens are transported from other reactions to the electron transport chain by

NADH and FADH

Which of the following contain a metal ion which can accept and donate electrons?

Cytochromes

During the electron transport chain, ATP will be made from

ADP+ Pi

The NADH involved in the electron transport chain is made

by oxidation reactions in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

The electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain shuttle electrons to

a terminal acceptor.

During the electron transport chain in bacteria, protons are

shuttled to the outside of the cell membrane.

transfers protons from inside the membrane to outside the membrane.

Coenzyme Q

The electron transport chain is part of

aerobic respiration

ATP is formed by means of a light-driven electron transport mechanism

Photophosphorylation

1. A process where ATP is formed by transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy compound directly to ADP

1. Substrate-level phosphorylation

What does acetyl-CoA combine with?

Oxaloacetate (4C).

What is formed when acetyl-CoA joins oxaloacetate?

Citrate (6C)

What enters the Krebs cycle?

A 2-carbon acetyl group (from acetyl-CoA).