Atlantic Revolutions (1750-1900)

Nationalism

Sense of unity based on shared identity.

Democracy

Government system emphasizing individual rights and representation.

19th-century Liberalism

Ideology promoting individual freedoms and limited government.

American Revolution

Colonial rebellion leading to U.S. independence in 1776.

Haitian Revolution

Slave-led revolt resulting in Haiti's independence (1791-1804).

Latin American Independence Movements

Rebellions for independence from Spanish rule (1810-1825).

Enlightenment Philosophers

Thinkers advocating reason and individual rights in governance.

American Declaration of Independence

Document asserting U.S. independence from Britain (1776).

French Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document outlining individual rights during French Revolution (1789).

Bolívar's Letter from Jamaica

Document advocating for Latin American independence (1815).

Tupac Amaru Revolt

Indigenous uprising against Spanish rule in Peru (1780s).

French Revolution

Revolution against monarchy leading to radical social change (1789).

Reign of Terror

Period of political purges during French Revolution (1793-1794).

Napoleon's Rise to Power

Military leader who became Emperor of France (1799).

High Point of Napoleon's Empire

Peak territorial expansion of France (1810-1811).

Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion

Mexican revolt for independence (1810-1813).

Wars of Spanish Independence

Conflict for independence across Spanish colonies (1810-1825).

Final Defeat of Napoleon

End of Napoleon's rule at Waterloo (1815).

Independence of Brazil

Brazil's separation from Portugal (1822).

Intellectual Exchange

Sharing of revolutionary ideas through literature and media.

Radical Notion

Belief that societies can be improved by human action.

Divine Right of Kings

Political doctrine that monarchs derive authority from God.

State Control of Trade

Government regulation of economic activities and commerce.

Aristocratic Privilege

Special rights and advantages held by nobility.

Authority of a Single Church

Dominance of one religious institution over society.

Federal Constitution

Framework for U.S. government established in 1787.

American Revolution

Conflict from 1775 to 1789 for independence.

British National Debt

Debt incurred after the war with France.

Imperial Power

Britain's authority over American colonies without representation.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that government derives power from the people.

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to all individuals, including life and liberty.

Consent of the Governed

Government's legitimacy comes from the people's approval.

French Assistance

Support from France was crucial for American victory.

Colonial Autonomy

Self-governance experienced by North American colonies.

Wealthy Property-Owners

Dominant social class in colonial governance.

Social Mobility

Greater opportunity for social advancement in America.

Absence of Titled Nobility

No hereditary aristocracy in American society.

Legal Equality

All free men had equal status before the law.

Exclusion from Rights

Black slaves and white women lacked legal rights.

Economic Opportunity

Less poverty and more chances for prosperity.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring equality and independence from Britain.

Enlightenment Ideas

Philosophical concepts influencing revolutionary thought.

French Revolution

Revolution from 1789 to 1815 for political reform.

King Louis XVI

French monarch who sought tax reform before revolution.

Estates General

Assembly representing clergy, nobility, and commoners.

First Estate

Clergy, comprising 2% of France's population.

Second Estate

Nobility, also 2% of the population.

Third Estate

Commoners, making up 96% of the population.

Tax Burden

Commoners paid most taxes in pre-revolutionary France.

Republican Enthusiasm

Inspired by American support, French soldiers sought change.

Bankruptcy of France

Financial crisis exacerbated by support for American Revolution.

Social Distinctions

Fewer class divisions compared to European societies.

Class Distinctions

Visible social hierarchy among wealthy and common citizens.

National Assembly

Third Estate's self-formed legislative body in 1789.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

1789 document asserting equal rights for all men.

Article 1

Men are born free and equal in rights.

Article 2

Political association aims to preserve natural rights.

Article 3

Sovereignty resides in the nation, not individuals.

Article 4

Liberty is freedom without harming others.

Article 5

Law prohibits actions harmful to society.

Article 6

Law expresses general will; all citizens equal.

Article 7

Legal protections against arbitrary arrest or imprisonment.

Tennis Court Oath

Pledge by National Assembly to draft a constitution.

French Revolution

Conflict-driven movement from 1789 to 1815.

Nobility Resentment

Nobles opposed monarchy's new tax policies.

Middle Class Resentment

Growing middle class opposed aristocratic privileges.

Violence in Revolution

French Revolution was more radical than American Revolution.

Pariser Poisarden

Artwork depicting women's role in the revolution.

Marianne Figure

Symbol of liberty and the French Republic.

Censorship of the Press

Major issue in 19th century France.

Descente dans les ateliers de la liberté de la presse

1833 artwork showing Louis-Phillippe silencing criticism.

Working Class Women

Played significant role in revolutionary movements.

Social Distinctions

Only justified by the general good.

Natural Rights

Include liberty, property, security, and resistance.

General Will

Collective interest guiding law and governance.

Legal Equality

All citizens eligible for public positions.

Arbitrary Orders

Punishable actions against legal procedures.

Resistance to Oppression

Right to oppose unjust authority.

Historical Context

Revolution driven by societal conflicts and inequalities.

Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions from 1793-1794.

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the Reign of Terror.

Committee of Public Safety

Governing body during the Reign of Terror.

Guillotine

Device used for executions during the revolution.

Marie Antoinette

Queen executed during the French Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Leader who spread revolution through conquest.

Civil Equality

Principle preserved by Napoleon from the revolution.

Secular Law Code

Legal framework established by Napoleon.

Social Equality

Emphasis of the revolution maintained by Napoleon.

Haitian Revolution

Inspired by the French Revolution, 1791-1804.

Saint Domingue

Richest French colony, later Haiti.

Gens de Couleur Libres

Free people of color in Saint Domingue.

Petit Blancs

Poor whites in Saint Domingue.

Grand Blancs

Wealthy white landowners in Saint Domingue.

Slave Labor Force

Majority population in Saint Domingue.

Death Rate of Enslaved Africans

Approximately 50% due to harsh conditions.

Conditions on the Island

Worst in the world for enslaved people.

Torture of Slaves

Common punishment for resisting enslaved individuals.

Economic Restrictions

Limitations sought to be reduced by Grand Blancs.

Autonomy for Colony

Desired by Petit Blancs for local governance.

Influence of French Revolution

Significant impact on Haitian independence movement.