Studied by 48 people
How many neurons do you have?
100 billion
What Is biology?
The study of life
What are the charecteristics of life?
energy input and output - order- reproduction - growth and development - response to the environment - regulation (homeostasis) - adaptation
What is the hierarchy of living things?
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
what are the 2 types of cells
prokaryotic (single cellular) and eukaryotic (multicellular)
Which cells have a nucleus?
ONLY eukaryotic cells have a nucleus but both have a membrane
What is CER formatting
claim, evidence, reasoning
Observation vs. Inference
Observation- using your senses to know or determine something
Inference
making alogical conclusion based on your observation
Hypothesis format
As (subject that you are testing on) IV, the prediction - DV.
IV and DV
IV - ex the temperature
DV - How much mold grows on the bread
Bar graph
x-asis = IV, y-axis = DV, include key when necessary
line graph
same as bar graph but uses points connected as a line
Homeostasis feedback
negative - body responds to the stimuli to get the body back in normal ranges
Positive - body increases response to stop stimuli
The big four elements
HONC Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, make up 96% of all living matter
Proton, nutron, electron
Proton - positive
Electron - negative
Neutron - neutral
How many electrons can the Borh diagram rings hold?
1st - 2 Electrons
2nd - 8 electrons
3rd - 18 electrons
Lewis structure
shows the number of valence electrons (outermost) ring of Borh diagram
Ionic bonds
1 or more electrons get passed to another element, very weak, usually between metal and nonmetal
Covalent Bonds
electrons are shared equally, very strong, usually between 2 nonmetals
Covalent bonds - polar
shares electrons unequally
Hydrogen bonds
weak on their own, strong when many
Reactants and products
Reactions - ingredients
products
- ending results
Organic and inorganic molecules
Organic - carbon based
Inorganic
non-carbon based
dehydration reaction
every time a monomer is added to the chain water is released.
hydrolysis
Process of breaking down a polymer
polymers of life
Carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
natural sugars that your body uses, always contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (not nitrogen)
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
What is the Carbohydrate ratio
1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen
Formula for glucose
C6 H12 O6
What are disaccharides?
two monosaccharides bonded together
EX - Sucrose, lactose, Maltose
What are polysaccharides?
large polymer chains made of monosaccharides
EX - Starch, glycogen, cellulose
What do proteins do?
Day-to-day functions, carry oxygen, make up fur, make muscles, and help with long term nutrient storage
What are amino acids?
building blocks of proteins
Building a protein
Dehydration reaction when bonding because H2O is released and a polypeptide chain is formed.
Denturation
loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
activation energy
Chemical reaction
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
What are lipids?
"water avoiding" molecules
unsaturated vs saturated fats
SATURATED - All carbon atoms on the chain are filled with hydrogen atoms
EX - Butter
UNSATURATED - contain less than the max number of hydrogen
EX - Fish, vegetable oil, veggies
Steroids
Circulate in your body as chemical signals
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA - "the genetic code"
Properties of water
Polar Molecule
water is cohesive/adhesive
water has a high surface tension
high specific heat (boiling point)
water stabilizes temp
less dense as solid than liquid
valence electrons
atoms want 8 valence electrons except for hydrogen it wants 2
best macromolecule for a runner
carbs because they can be used quickly, proteins are better for long term storage
Anton Van Leewenoek
first to see micro organisms
Robert Hooke
coined the term "cell"
cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
Free Ribosomes -
travel around cell
Bound Ribosomes -
attached to the ER
ER
where proteins are made
Rough ER -
has ribosomes attached, creates and ships proteins
Smooth ER -
No Ribosomes, makes carbs and lipids
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Lysosomes
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
ONLY ANIMAL CELLS
Vacuole
storage area of the cell
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure
Microfilaments
Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell
Cyto
Cell
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
ONLY PLANT CELLS
concentration gradient
high to low concentration
Diffusion
passive, uses kinetic energy, concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion
passive, uses kinetic energy Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
Osmosis
passive, uses kinetic energy diffusion of water
active transport
active, uses ATP energy, goes against concentration gradient
Exocytosis
release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Chloesterol
Stabilizer important for building cells
transport proteins
allows proteins to flow through membrane
Glycoproteins
receive chemical messages from other cells
osmosis
water goes from higher concentration to lower concentration
Hypertonic
more water ends up outside of cell
Hypotonic
more water ends up inside cell
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Atotroph
self feeding
Photoautotrophs
uses light from the sun to fee itself
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chlorophyll
Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
Stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move
Stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
Thylakoid
small disks suspended in stroma
Granum
stack of thylakoids
Step 1 of photosynthesis
light reaction
reactants- light energy water
products- ATP, NADPH, oxygen
Step 2 of photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle (inorganic, to organic, back to inorganic)
reactants- CO2, NADPH, ATP
products- glucose
alcoholic fermentation
A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol, uses no oxygen and is only done by prokaryotes
lactic acid fermentation
the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product EX sore muscles
Step 1 of cellular respiration
glycolysis ; breaking down sugar
NET ATP TOTAL 2
Step 2 of cellular respiration
Krebs cycle
Reactants- pyruvate & coenzyme A
Products- 4co2, 2 atp, 2 nadh, 2 fadh2
NET ATP TOTAL 2
Step 3 of cellular respiration
electron transport chain ETC
electrons are bumped down chain to create ATP and water
NET TOTAL ATP 34
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic code, found in nucleus
Traits of DNA
Double helix shape
DNA is coiled up tightly and turned into cxhromosomes
every cell has entire strand of DNA
Note 
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