bio final sem 1

How many neurons do you have?

100 billion

What Is biology?

The study of life

What are the charecteristics of life?

energy input and output - order- reproduction - growth and development - response to the environment - regulation (homeostasis) - adaptation

What is the hierarchy of living things?

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

what are the 2 types of cells

prokaryotic (single cellular) and eukaryotic (multicellular)

Which cells have a nucleus?

ONLY eukaryotic cells have a nucleus but both have a membrane

What is CER formatting

claim, evidence, reasoning

Observation vs. Inference

Observation- using your senses to know or determine something

Inference

making alogical conclusion based on your observation

Hypothesis format

As (subject that you are testing on) IV, the prediction - DV.

IV and DV

IV - ex the temperature

DV - How much mold grows on the bread

Bar graph

x-asis = IV, y-axis = DV, include key when necessary

line graph

same as bar graph but uses points connected as a line

Homeostasis feedback

negative - body responds to the stimuli to get the body back in normal ranges

Positive - body increases response to stop stimuli

The big four elements

HONC Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, make up 96% of all living matter

Proton, nutron, electron

Proton - positive

Electron - negative

Neutron - neutral

How many electrons can the Borh diagram rings hold?

1st - 2 Electrons

2nd - 8 electrons

3rd - 18 electrons

Lewis structure

shows the number of valence electrons (outermost) ring of Borh diagram

Ionic bonds

1 or more electrons get passed to another element, very weak, usually between metal and nonmetal

Covalent Bonds

electrons are shared equally, very strong, usually between 2 nonmetals

Covalent bonds - polar

shares electrons unequally

Hydrogen bonds

weak on their own, strong when many

Reactants and products

Reactions - ingredients

products

\- ending results

Organic and inorganic molecules

Organic - carbon based

Inorganic

- non-carbon based

dehydration reaction

every time a monomer is added to the chain water is released.

hydrolysis

Process of breaking down a polymer

polymers of life

1. Carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

natural sugars that your body uses, always contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (not nitrogen)

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

What is the Carbohydrate ratio

1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen

Formula for glucose

C6 H12 O6

What are disaccharides?

two monosaccharides bonded together

EX - Sucrose, lactose, Maltose

What are polysaccharides?

large polymer chains made of monosaccharides

EX - Starch, glycogen, cellulose

What do proteins do?

Day-to-day functions, carry oxygen, make up fur, make muscles, and help with long term nutrient storage

What are amino acids?

building blocks of proteins

Building a protein

Dehydration reaction when bonding because H2O is released and a polypeptide chain is formed.

Denturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

activation energy

Chemical reaction

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

What are lipids?

"water avoiding" molecules

unsaturated vs saturated fats

SATURATED - All carbon atoms on the chain are filled with hydrogen atoms

EX - Butter

UNSATURATED - contain less than the max number of hydrogen

EX - Fish, vegetable oil, veggies

Steroids

Circulate in your body as chemical signals

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA - "the genetic code"

Properties of water

1. Polar Molecule
2. water is cohesive/adhesive
3. water has a high surface tension
4. high specific heat (boiling point)
5. water stabilizes temp
6. less dense as solid than liquid

valence electrons

atoms want 8 valence electrons except for hydrogen it wants 2

best macromolecule for a runner

carbs because they can be used quickly, proteins are better for long term storage

Anton Van Leewenoek

first to see micro organisms

Robert Hooke

coined the term "cell"

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Free Ribosomes -

travel around cell

Bound Ribosomes -

attached to the ER

ER

where proteins are made

Rough ER -

has ribosomes attached, creates and ships proteins

Smooth ER -

No Ribosomes, makes carbs and lipids

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

ONLY ANIMAL CELLS

Vacuole

storage area of the cell

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

Cyto

Cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

ONLY PLANT CELLS

concentration gradient

high to low concentration

Diffusion

passive, uses kinetic energy, concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

passive, uses kinetic energy Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Osmosis

passive, uses kinetic energy diffusion of water

active transport

active, uses ATP energy, goes against concentration gradient

Exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Chloesterol

Stabilizer important for building cells

transport proteins

allows proteins to flow through membrane

Glycoproteins

receive chemical messages from other cells

osmosis

water goes from higher concentration to lower concentration

Hypertonic

more water ends up outside of cell

Hypotonic

more water ends up inside cell

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Atotroph

self feeding

Photoautotrophs

uses light from the sun to fee itself

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O --\> light energy --\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Thylakoid

small disks suspended in stroma

Granum

stack of thylakoids

Step 1 of photosynthesis

light reaction

reactants- light energy water

products- ATP, NADPH, oxygen

Step 2 of photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle (inorganic, to organic, back to inorganic)

reactants- CO2, NADPH, ATP

products- glucose

alcoholic fermentation

A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol, uses no oxygen and is only done by prokaryotes

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product EX sore muscles

Step 1 of cellular respiration

glycolysis ; breaking down sugar

NET ATP TOTAL 2

Step 2 of cellular respiration

Krebs cycle

Reactants- pyruvate & coenzyme A

Products- 4co2, 2 atp, 2 nadh, 2 fadh2

NET ATP TOTAL 2

Step 3 of cellular respiration

electron transport chain ETC

electrons are bumped down chain to create ATP and water

NET TOTAL ATP 34

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic code, found in nucleus

Traits of DNA

* Double helix shape
* DNA is coiled up tightly and turned into cxhromosomes
* every cell has entire strand of DNA