bio final sem 1

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How many neurons do you have?

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122 Terms

1

How many neurons do you have?

100 billion

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2

What Is biology?

The study of life

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3

What are the charecteristics of life?

energy input and output - order- reproduction - growth and development - response to the environment - regulation (homeostasis) - adaptation

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4

What is the hierarchy of living things?

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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5

what are the 2 types of cells

prokaryotic (single cellular) and eukaryotic (multicellular)

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6

Which cells have a nucleus?

ONLY eukaryotic cells have a nucleus but both have a membrane

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7

What is CER formatting

claim, evidence, reasoning

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8

Observation vs. Inference

Observation- using your senses to know or determine something

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9

Inference

making alogical conclusion based on your observation

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10

Hypothesis format

As (subject that you are testing on) IV, the prediction - DV.

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11

IV and DV

IV - ex the temperature

DV - How much mold grows on the bread

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12

Bar graph

x-asis = IV, y-axis = DV, include key when necessary

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13

line graph

same as bar graph but uses points connected as a line

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14

Homeostasis feedback

negative - body responds to the stimuli to get the body back in normal ranges

Positive - body increases response to stop stimuli

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15

The big four elements

HONC Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, make up 96% of all living matter

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16

Proton, nutron, electron

Proton - positive

Electron - negative

Neutron - neutral

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17

How many electrons can the Borh diagram rings hold?

1st - 2 Electrons

2nd - 8 electrons

3rd - 18 electrons

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18

Lewis structure

shows the number of valence electrons (outermost) ring of Borh diagram

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19

Ionic bonds

1 or more electrons get passed to another element, very weak, usually between metal and nonmetal

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20

Covalent Bonds

electrons are shared equally, very strong, usually between 2 nonmetals

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21

Covalent bonds - polar

shares electrons unequally

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22

Hydrogen bonds

weak on their own, strong when many

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23

Reactants and products

Reactions - ingredients

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24

products

- ending results

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25

Organic and inorganic molecules

Organic - carbon based

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26

Inorganic

  • non-carbon based

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27

dehydration reaction

every time a monomer is added to the chain water is released.

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28

hydrolysis

Process of breaking down a polymer

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29

polymers of life

  1. Carbohydrates

  2. lipids

  3. proteins

  4. nucleic acids

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30

Carbohydrates

natural sugars that your body uses, always contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (not nitrogen)

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Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

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32

What is the Carbohydrate ratio

1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen

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33

Formula for glucose

C6 H12 O6

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34

What are disaccharides?

two monosaccharides bonded together

EX - Sucrose, lactose, Maltose

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35

What are polysaccharides?

large polymer chains made of monosaccharides

EX - Starch, glycogen, cellulose

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36

What do proteins do?

Day-to-day functions, carry oxygen, make up fur, make muscles, and help with long term nutrient storage

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37

What are amino acids?

building blocks of proteins

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38

Building a protein

Dehydration reaction when bonding because H2O is released and a polypeptide chain is formed.

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39

Denturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

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40

activation energy

Chemical reaction

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41

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

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42

What are lipids?

"water avoiding" molecules

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43

unsaturated vs saturated fats

SATURATED - All carbon atoms on the chain are filled with hydrogen atoms

EX - Butter

UNSATURATED - contain less than the max number of hydrogen

EX - Fish, vegetable oil, veggies

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44

Steroids

Circulate in your body as chemical signals

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45

Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA - "the genetic code"

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46

Properties of water

  1. Polar Molecule

  2. water is cohesive/adhesive

  3. water has a high surface tension

  4. high specific heat (boiling point)

  5. water stabilizes temp

  6. less dense as solid than liquid

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47

valence electrons

atoms want 8 valence electrons except for hydrogen it wants 2

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48

best macromolecule for a runner

carbs because they can be used quickly, proteins are better for long term storage

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49

Anton Van Leewenoek

first to see micro organisms

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50

Robert Hooke

coined the term "cell"

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51

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

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52

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

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plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

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54

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

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55

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

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Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

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Free Ribosomes -

travel around cell

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Bound Ribosomes -

attached to the ER

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ER

where proteins are made

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Rough ER -

has ribosomes attached, creates and ships proteins

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Smooth ER -

No Ribosomes, makes carbs and lipids

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Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

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Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

ONLY ANIMAL CELLS

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64

Vacuole

storage area of the cell

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Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

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Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

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Cyto

Cell

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Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

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69

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

ONLY PLANT CELLS

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70

concentration gradient

high to low concentration

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Diffusion

passive, uses kinetic energy, concentration gradient

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facilitated diffusion

passive, uses kinetic energy Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

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73

Osmosis

passive, uses kinetic energy diffusion of water

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active transport

active, uses ATP energy, goes against concentration gradient

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Exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

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Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

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77

Chloesterol

Stabilizer important for building cells

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transport proteins

allows proteins to flow through membrane

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Glycoproteins

receive chemical messages from other cells

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80

osmosis

water goes from higher concentration to lower concentration

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Hypertonic

more water ends up outside of cell

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Hypotonic

more water ends up inside cell

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83

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

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84

Atotroph

self feeding

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Photoautotrophs

uses light from the sun to fee itself

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Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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87

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

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88

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

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Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

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90

Thylakoid

small disks suspended in stroma

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91

Granum

stack of thylakoids

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92

Step 1 of photosynthesis

light reaction

reactants- light energy water

products- ATP, NADPH, oxygen

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93

Step 2 of photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle (inorganic, to organic, back to inorganic)

reactants- CO2, NADPH, ATP

products- glucose

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94

alcoholic fermentation

A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol, uses no oxygen and is only done by prokaryotes

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95

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product EX sore muscles

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96

Step 1 of cellular respiration

glycolysis ; breaking down sugar

NET ATP TOTAL 2

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97

Step 2 of cellular respiration

Krebs cycle

Reactants- pyruvate & coenzyme A

Products- 4co2, 2 atp, 2 nadh, 2 fadh2

NET ATP TOTAL 2

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98

Step 3 of cellular respiration

electron transport chain ETC

electrons are bumped down chain to create ATP and water

NET TOTAL ATP 34

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99

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic code, found in nucleus

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100

Traits of DNA

  • Double helix shape

  • DNA is coiled up tightly and turned into cxhromosomes

  • every cell has entire strand of DNA

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