UNIT I: Empire and Emergence of World Power (1870-1919) Review

Imperialism

The policy of acquiring and controlling dependent territories carried out by a state.

Economic Motives of Imperialism

European states were in need of raw materials and Africa provided that. Raw materials were essential for industrialization and cheap raw materials provided a bigger econ profit.

Why was the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 held?

To avoid war and acknowledge everyone's claims in Africa in a civil manner.

How did they separate Africa at the Berlin Conference?

Colonial divisions were drawn along convenient geographic lines (along the line of a rive, for example).

What was the effect of drawing colonial divisions?

This created a lasting problem in Africa because tribal boundaries were completely disregarded and Africa had unity problems and ethnic warfare.

By 1880, how much African land did Europeans control?

10% of Africa

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

New Imperialism

The period of intensive colonization by the European powers, Japan and the USA roughly in the period 1890-1914.

Political Motives

Europeans desired power and influence. This created competitions among the Europeans nations that were not friendly.

Why were people soon not interested in colonies?

In an era of free trade it seemed that political control of overseas markets was unnecessary.

Free Trade

Trade between nations unimpeded by taxes.

British Empire between 1870-1900

British empire comprised 1/5 of the world by 1900

French Empire between 1870-1900

French expanded from 700,000 square miles to 6 million and its population grew from 5 million to 52 million.

Dr David Livingstone (1813-1873)

A Scottish missionary and explorer of Africa

Dr. David Livingstone's impact on Africa

In 1854-56 he was the first to European to cross the African continent, he discovered Lake Nyasa and the Zambezi.

Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904)

A Welsh-American explorer famous for his explorations of central Africa.

Henry Morton Stanley's impact of africa

His discoveries revealed the potential of Africa to the European states and played a key part in the first stages of the scramble for Africa.

Maxim gun

The first machine gun invented in 1883

Quinine

An anti-malaria drug

King Leopold (1835-1909)

King of Belgium (1865-1909) and founder of the Congo Free State.

What is the International African Association (IAA)?

An association created in September 1876 by King Leopold to suppress the slave trade and open up central Africa to international commerce.

What is the reality of the International African Association (IAA)?

King Leopold was secretly scheming, he said "of getting us a slice of this magnificent African cake."

Who is Pierre Brazza?

A french explorer of Italian extraction who had secret instructions to annex the territory of the lower Congo for France.

Khedive

The title used by the governor and ruler of Egypt and the Sudan.

What happened to Egypt in April 1876?

it was a self-governing territory within the Turkish empire, but then went bankrupt and could no longer pay the interest on the money lent by European investors.

Who took control of Egypt after they went bankrupt?

Both powers were challenged by France and Britain, but France's parliament vetoed the dispatch of French troops. So Britain became masters of Egypt.

How did France feel after the Anglo-French quarrel over Egypt?

France was infuriated and set out to thwart British ambitions both in Egypt and in West Africa

Why did Britain sign the draft Congo Treaty with Portugal in May 1884?

they were alarmed by a French advance into Congo

How did France respond to the signed Congo Treaty?

In protest, France appealed to Otto von Bismarck to force Portugal to renounce the treaty.

Otto von Bismarck

Born 1815, entered politics in 1847, prime minister of prussia in 1862 after defending Austria and France, and created the German empire in Africa

Reich

Empire

Counter-revolution

A person who opposes a revolution and wants to reverse its results.

El Dorado

Spanish for a fabulously wealthy city or state

What persuaded Bismarck so suddenly to create a German Empire?

He wanted to help the French empire against the British; distract the French seeking revenge on Germany because they took the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine.

Social Imperialism

A policy aimed at uniting all social classes behind plans for creating and expanding an empire.

Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)

Conservative Prime Minister, 1868 and 1874-80. He believed patriotism and nationalism could overcome class divisions.

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)

British businessman and Prime Minister of Cape Colony, 1890-96, and founder of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe and Zambia)

Condominium

Joint control of a territory by two states

Sir George Goldie (1846-1925)

Founder of the Royal Niger Company

British South Africa Company

Formed by Cecil Rhodes from the combination of 2 companies: the Central Search Association and the Exploring Company Ltd

Strategic Aims

Aims intended to gain military or economic security for a state

Boer War

1899-1902 Fought between the two Boer states of Transvaal and the Orange Free State and the British Empire.

Influences of the 'scramble for Africa'

Strategic aims of the imperial powers also influenced the scramble for Africa.

Wahabbist Revolution (Early 1880s)

Take place in Sudan, Mahdi, its leader, was determined to drive the British out of Sudan,

Who was Mahdi?

Mahdi, meaning the redeemer of Islam. The Sudanese sheikh, Muhammad Mahdi (1845-85), claim to be the Mahdi.

What did Mahdi do?

he killed 10,000 Egyptian troops under a British commander, the following year defeated another Anglo-Egyptian force under General Gordon.

Consequence of Mahdi's actions

A power vacuum was created, the Mahdi's army, the Ethiopians, the French, and the Italians all competed to fill.

Power Vacuum

Territories left undominated by another state after the withdrawal or collapse of the original ruling power.

Example of Power Vacuum (1886)

Italy was defeated in its attempt to conquer Ethiopia at Adowa, the Mahdi immediately attempted to exploit the situation to attack the small Italian colony of Kasala.

General Gordon (1833-85)

British general and governor of the Sudan.

Charles Darwin

an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory

Philanthropy

the desire to help humanity

Anthropology

The study of humans

By 1900, which two states in Africa were still independent?

Liberia and Ethiopia

Who created Missionary Travels and Researches?

David Livingstone

Where is King Leopold from?

Belgium

What natural resources does King Leopold plunder from the Congo?

Rubber

How did King Leopold get the Congo?

King Leopold tricked the tribal leaders, no one else in the Congo knew what was happening.

Who accused King Leopold of deceit, fraud, robberies, arson, murder, slave-raiding, and general policy of cruelty?

George Washington Williams

When did the Congo become independent?

1960

Who was the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo?

Patrice Lumumba

How did the journalist and figures help the Congo when King Leopold II was ruling?

The foreign journalists and figures took the role of spreading awareness about what was going on in the Congo. For example, these figures published journals and newspapers that drew in the public's attention.

When did the USA gain their independence from Britain?

1783

Once the USA gained their independence from Britain, what did they focus on?

expanding their frontiers westwards

What was the problem with the US expanding their frontiers westwards?

the Native Americans were at expense, (they were already there)

When did the US complete their goal of extending the frontiers westwards, what did they receive?

Mid-1890s, a network of railroads, 8 million acres of territory that originally belong to the Native Americans.

What was the meaning behind the closing of the US frontiers?

there was no longer an frontier line beyond which the population density was less than two persons per square mile

What was the significance of US frontiers in American history?

frontier thesis, US democracy had been shaped by the availability of the land beyond the frontier

Matthew Perry

missionary sent by the United States with a letter from the US President to Japan saying that Japan must open its ports or they would use force

Treaty of Kanagawa

opened two ports in Japan for American ships to enter

Meiji Restoration

Meiji aimed to bring Japan power and make social and political reforms

Russo-Japanese War

Japan fought Russia, who had been aiming to get Korea, and won

Significance of Russo-Japanese War

first east asian nation to defeat a European nation

Treaty of Portsmouth

Japan gained control of Korea and parts of Manchuria

What was Japan's empire like in the beginning decades?

they were a rapid industrialization and militarization designed to expand their empire

How did Emperor Hirohito contribute to the rise of the Japanese empire?

After he took power, he decided to continue Japan's restrictive policies

How did the military contribute to the rise of the Japanese empire?

they greatly influenced political decisions

What was one of the reasons why did Japan want to pursue an empire?

there was a serious need for resources

How did nationalism contribute to the rise of the Japanese empire?

nationalists rose to power and wanted Japan to use force to become more powerful

What happened after the incident at the Marco Polo Bridge?

the Japanese army attacked China and brutally killed millions of civilians

Where did Rape of Nanking occur?

in China's capital city of Nanjing

What 2 countries did Japan join in the second world war?

italy and germany

What did Japan do to the US during WWII

bomb pearl harbour

How did the US react to Japan bombing Pearl Harbour?

the US sent weapons to China to beat Japan

Why did Japan surrender in September 1945?

the US dropped atomic bombs killing many people

How did the Japanese empire end?

they were forced to abandon their empire and make a new government

What type of government did Japan create?

a parliamentary government

How did the other nations punish Japan?

they removed all of the land Japan had conquered including Korea's peninsula

On what day, month, and year did the Boer War begin?

October 11, 1899

Who were the two sides in the Boer War?

British empire and the Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State (Dutch and British)

Who were the Boers, how did they settle in South Africa, and why were they called "Boers"?

The Boers were Afrikaners who are descendants of the original Dutch settlers of South Africa. Boer is a dutch word for farmer.

Why (and how) did the Boers resist the British starting in 1806?

They resisted because they resented the Anglicization of South Africa and Britain's anti-slavery policies. They were independence-minded Boers.

What was the name given to the Boer migration further into Africa?

Voortrekkers

What two republics did the Boers create, and what major discovery started conflict in the region

The Orange Free State & The South African Republic (Transvaal). The discovery of diamond started conflict in the region

What fighting style did the Boers use in this war, and what evidence is there that it was successful?

They were organized under a commando system. They were successful because they led the British into an ambush and continued to lose to the Boers although they had no official army.

How were women and children treated by the British? What was it like inside these concentration camps?

The woman and children were treated so badly by the British. These concentration camps were crowded, people were starving, and many people died because of diseases.