Bio Final Exam

In Males, what haploid stage is formed from Meiosis 2

Spermatid

What gland supplies fructose (sugar) for sperm cells

Seminal vesicles

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

Uptake oxygen and take away carbon dioxide

Trace air from the nasal cavity to the lungs

You inhale from your nose or mouth, then travels to the pharynx, then larynx, then trachea where is passes through the two passages called the bronchial tubes, then to the lungs, then the alveoli

What is the technical term for voice box?

Larynx

What is included in the voice box?

vocal cords and epiglottis

What is the difference between the epiglottis and glottis

Epi has the flap, glottis is the hole

IN what structure do we see cartilaginous rings?

Trachea

What structures do we see lining the windpipe? What is their function?

-Mucus: traps particulate matter and bacteria

-Cilia: sweep particles back to the throat

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system

The alveoli (air sacs)

How do we get air in and out of our lungs?

-Through negative pressure

-When you inhale your diaphragm tightens and flattens and when you exhale it loosens as your rib cage relaxes

About how much blood is in the human body?

5-5.5 liters or 1.3 to 1.45 gallons

What percentage of your blood is plasma

About 55%

What are the 3 blood cell types and what are their basic functions

-Red blood cells: carry oxygen and carbon dioxide using hemoglobin

-White blood cells: function in immunity

-Platelets: Function in blood clotting

In the body what is the source of most of the blood cells?

Bone marrow

Where are red blood cells recycled

Spleen

DO humans have a single or double circuit circulatory system? What are the 2 circuits?

Double: pulmonary and systemic

Artery

away from the heart

Vein

towards the heart

From the superior and inferior vena cava to the aorta, trace every chamber, valve, and vessel blood touches

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

What do we call the pressure that occurs during a ventricular contraction

Systolic

What do we call the pressure that occurs during ventricular relaxation

Diastolic

What is the average pressure

120/80

What makes the 2 heart sounds

-tricuspid / bicuspid shutting

-Semilunar valve shutting

Oogenesis

specialized cell division that occurs in the ovary to form the egg

Spermatogenesis

the production or development of mature spermatozoa; occurs in seminiferous tubules

Major stages of oogenesis

mitosis (oogonia undergo mitosis); primary oocyte duplicates 46 chromosomes; Meiosis 1 (midway through the primary follicles are stopped until puberty; after puberty the primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 and because secondary oocyte; meiosis 2 (secondary oocyte initiates meiosis 2), fertilization division (fertilizes the secondary oocyte and divides into two daughter cells); fertilization (the nucleus of one daughter cell fuses with the cell nucleus produce the zygote)

Major stages of spermatogenesis

spermatogonia; which then goes through mitosis and leads to primary spermatocyte and spermatogonia; then there is meiosis 1 which goes into secondary spermatocyte; then transfers to spermatid (just clump of cells that is too big to swim); and then spermatozoon (flagella made, no cytoplasm)

What stages of spermatogenesis and oogenesis are diploid or haploid

-women : mitosis and meiosis one is diploid and meiosis 2 is haploid

-Men: diploid (spermatogonia; primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte); haploid (spermatid; spermatozoon)

What stage goes into Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2

-Women: Primary oocyte is meiosis 1 and secondary oocyte and polar body is meiosis 2 (only happens after fertilization)

-Men: primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 1 to become a secondary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 2 to become a spermatid

What are the meiotic ratios for male and female

-Male: 1 to 4

-Female: 1 to 1

What produces FSH and LH

pituitary gland

What structures do FSH and LH act on in both sexes and what does it stimulate in those structures?

-Women: FSH stimulates oogenesis and stimulates follicle growth and development; LH stimulates ovulation (releases oocyte) and the corpus luteum (follicle that ovulates) formation and maintenance

-Men: FSH (sertoli cells inside seminiferous tubules; nutrients for sperm spermatogenesis); LH (leydig (interstitial) cells between the microtubules; testosterone)

What produces estrogen and progesterone after ovulation?

Ovary or corpus luteum

What does estrogen and progesterone do to the uterus?

Endometrial thickening (more)

What is HCG, Human Chorionic Gonadotropic hormone? What produces it?

-Known as the pregnancy hormone and stimulates the production of FSH through the pituitary gland; inhibits the production of estrogen and progesterone

-Mainly produced by the syncytiotrophoblastic cells of the placenta during pregnancy

What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins?

Identical= the same fertilized egg; fraternal= two different fertilized eggs

Where does fertilization take place

fallopian tubes

Where does the implantation of the zygote take place

uterine wall

After ovulation how does the egg travel into and through the oviduct?

-Egg is transported to the opening of the fallopian tube and muscle contractions move it to the uterus

Trace sperm from formation to exiting the body

Begins in testes, then epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and then the urethra

Testes

making sperm and testosterone

Epididymis

store the sperm for maturation and transport to vas deferens

Vas deferens

transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation

ejaculatory duct

delivers sperm to the urethra

Urethra

Allow the passage of urine and semen

Seminal vesicles

nutrients (fructose= sugar); prostaglandins (induce muscle contractions)

Prostate gland

alkaline secretions buffer vaginal acidity (pH= 3.5-4.0); enzymes 1st coagulate and later liquefy the semen

BUlbourethral

alkaline fluid (pH buffer) to neutralize urine in urethra; thick mucus-rich fluid (for lubrication)

Gas exchange in the respiratory system occurs between then

Bronchioles and alveoli

The next valve that blood flows through after leaving the left ventricle is the

Aortic semilunar

Which of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood

Pulmonary veins

The fallopian tube is also known as the

Oviduct

The head of the sperm cell contains

DNA

HCG is produced by the _ and acts on the _

Zygote, corpus luteum

Spermatogensis occurs in the

seminiferous tubules

after spermatogenesis, the sperm cells are stored in the

epididymis

prostaglandins produced in the _ help propel sperm in the ejacualtory duct

Seminal vesicles

_ and _ both produce alkaline fluid

The prostate gland and bulbourethral gland

For every 1 oocyte that undergoes Meiosis, how may functional ova are formed

1

Which of the following goes into Meiosis 1 in females

1 oocyte

for every 1 spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, how many spermatids are formed

4

_ and _ are diploid cells

1 spermacytes and 1 oocytes

The end products of Meiosis 2 in males are

Spermatids

Oogenesis occurs in the

ovary

Fertilization occurs in the

Fallopian tube

Implantation of a zygote occurs in the

uterus

FSH is produced in the _ and acts on the _ in females

Pituitary gland, ovary

LH in females stimulates

ovulation and corpus luteum formation

LH in males acts on _ to stimulate _

Leydig cells, testosterone production

FSH in males acts on _ to stimulate _

Sertoli cells, spermatogenesis

FSH in females acts on the _ and stimulates _

Ovarian follicles, estrogen production and follicle growth

Which of the follow statements are true?

The corpus lutes produces large amounts of progesterone that helps thicken the wall of the uterus