Combined set

The digestive system stage that involves selective intake of food is known as __________.

ingestion

The process of absorbing water and consolidating indigestible residue into feces is called __________.

compaction

The mechanical digestion in the stomach and small intestines is achieved by a __________ action.

churning

Chemical digestion consists of a series of __________ reactions that break dietary macromolecules into monomers.

hydrolysis

The __________ tract is a subdivision of the digestive system that consists specifically of the stomach and intestines.

Gastrointestinal (GI)

The __________ layer of the digestive tract wall contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and elastic tissue.

submucosa

The muscularis externa consists of an inner circular layer and an outer __________ layer.

longitudinal

Mastication, or chewing, is the first step in __________ digestion.

mechanical

Saliva is composed of water (99.5%) along with mucus, electrolytes, lysozymes, antibodies, and __________.

salivary amylase

A soft mass of food mixed with saliva is called a __________.

bolus

The three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and __________.

sublingual

The movement of the bolus through the esophagus is assisted by waves of involuntary muscular contractions called __________.

peristalsis

The acidic, soupy mixture of semi-digested food produced by the stomach is called __________.

chyme

The stomach secretes __________, which is essential for vitamin B12 absorption.

intrinsic factor

The __________ sphincter is a ring of smooth muscle that regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.

pyloric

In the stomach, __________ cells are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCL) intrinsic factor, and ghrelin.

parietal

Chief cells in the gastric glands secrete gastric lipase and __________.

pepsinogen

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach has a pH range of __________ to __________.

1.5;3.5

To form hydrochloric acid, CL- is pumped into the stomach lumen to join with __________.

H+

Most peptic ulcers are caused by the bacterium __________.

Helicobacter pylori

The __________ phase of gastric regulation occurs when the stomach responds to the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food.

cephalic

During the intestinal phase, the duodenum releases __________ and cholecystokinin (CCK) to inhibit gastric secretions.

secretin

The digestive function of the liver is the production of __________, while the gallbladder stores and concentrates it.

bile

Bilirubin is broken down by bacteria in the intestine into __________, which gives feces its brown color.

stercobilin

Hard masses in the gallbladder or bile ducts, often caused by too much cholesterol, are called __________.

gallstones (biliary calculi)

The exocrine portion of the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which contains __________ to neutralize stomach acid.

sodium bicarbonate

The hormone __________ is secreted by the duodenum in response to lipids and proteins and induces the gallbladder to contract.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

The longest portion of the small intestine is the __________.

ileum

The fuzzy brush border that increases surface area in the small intestine is created by __________.

microvilli

Found deep in intestinal crypts, __________ cells secrete antimicrobial proteins.

Paneth

In the large intestine, the __________ is densely populated with lymphocytes.

appendix

Gut microbiota synthesize vitamin __________ which is required by the liver to produce clotting factors.

K

The digestion of starch begins in the __________.

mouth

Protein digestion begins in the stomach where __________ breaks peptide bonds between amino acids.

pepsin

Fatty lymph that flows through lymphatic vessels is called __________.

chyle

Nucleic acids are broken down into pentose sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate ions by __________ in the small intestine.

nucleases

This hormone relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter:

CCK

The small intestine has a large surface area for absorption due to the presence of circular folds, __________, and __________.

Villi; microvilli

The __________ is the first part of the large intestine.

Cecum

The appendix is a significant source of __________.

Beneficial gut bacteria

The internal anal sphincter is composed of __________ muscle.

Smooth

The external anal sphincter is composed of __________ muscle.

Skeletal

Gut microbiota carry out __________ metabolism by fermenting indigestible carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates

Gut microbiota synthesize B vitamins and vitamin __________, which is needed for clotting factor production.

K

The large intestine absorbs __________ and electrolytes.

Water

Starch digestion resumes in the __________ after salivary amylase is inactivated in the stomach.

Small intestines

Protein digestion continues in the __________ after pepsin is inactivated by alkaline pancreatic secretions.

Small intestines

Fat digestion begins in the __________ due to lingual lipase secreted by the salivary glands.

Mouth

Bile in the __________ coats fat and aids in its breakdown.

Small intestine

Lipids absorbed by the small intestine enter the lymphatic system through __________.

Lacteals

Nucleic acid digestion begins in the __________.

Small intestine

Put the stages of carbohydrate digestion in order.

Mouth → Salivary amylase begins digestion → Stomach acid destroys salivary amylase → Small intestine → Pancreatic amylase resumes digestion → Monosaccharides absorbed → Hepatic portal system → Liver

Put the stages of protein digestion in order.

Stomach → HCl activates pepsin → Pepsin digests proteins → Small intestine → Trypsin continues digestion → Amino acids absorbed

Put the stages of lipid digestion in order.

Mouth → Lingual lipase → Stomach → Gastric lipase → Small intestine → Bile emulsifies fats → Pancreatic lipase digests lipids → Fatty acids absorbed → Lacteals → Chyle → Bloodstream

Put the stages of nucleic acid digestion in order.

Small intestine → Nucleases → Pentose sugars, nitrogenous bases, phosphate ions → Absorption

Put the phases of gastric regulation in order.

Cephalic phase → Gastric phase → Intestinal phase

Put the structures of the digestive tract in order from ingestion to elimination.

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum → Cecum → Ascending colon → Transverse colon → Descending colon → Sigmoid colon → Rectum → Anal canal → Anus

Put the pathway of bile movement in order.

Liver → Gallbladder → Common bile duct → Hepatopancreatic sphincter → Duodenum

Put the events involved in neutralizing acidic chyme in order.

Acidic chyme enters duodenum → Secretin released → Pancreas secretes bicarbonate → Acid neutralized

Put the pathway of absorbed lipids into circulation in order.

Fatty acids absorbed by enterocytes → Lacteals → Lymphatic vessels → Chyle → Bloodstream

Intracellular fluid (ICF) accounts for __________ of total body fluid.

2/3

The Extracellular fluid (ECF) is divided into 25% tissue fluid, 8% blood plasma and lymph, and 2% __________ fluid.

transcellular

Electrolytes play the principal role in governing total water content and the body’s __________.

water distribution

Fluid balance is achieved when daily water gains and losses are equal, which is approximately __________.

2,500 mL/day

Water produced by cellular metabolism is specifically referred to as __________ water.

metabolic

The sense of thirst is governed mainly by the __________ in the brain.

hypothalamus

When blood osmolarity increases due to dehydration, __________ is released to promote water conservation.

ADH

Changes in urine volume are usually linked to adjustments in __________ reabsorption, as water follows its movement.

sodium

The disorder __________ involves ECF water loss due to factors like hemorrhage, severe burns, or profuse sweating.

Dehydration

__________ (also called water intoxication) occurs when ECF osmolality decreases, causing water to move into cells and cause swelling.

Hypotonic hydration

The major cation found in the Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is __________.

Na+

The major anion found in the Intracellular Fluid (ICF) is __________.

HPO2/4-

Both fluid compartments typically maintain the same osmolarity of __________.

300 mOsm/L

The hormone __________ plays the primary role in adjusting sodium excretion by stimulating reabsorption in the kidneys.

Aldosterone

High concentrations of __________ result in depolarization, which can lead to cardiac arrest.

potassium

The normal homeostatic pH limit for blood is between __________ and 7.45.

7.35

A __________ is any mechanism that resists pH changes by converting a strong acid or base to a weak one.

buffer

The __________ buffer system is a solution of carbonic acid (H2CO3)and bicarbonate ions (HCO-/3)

bicarbonate

The addition of CO2to body fluids raises the concentration of __________ and lowers the pH.

H+

If the body's pH is too low, the kidneys will reabsorb __________ and excrete H+

bicarbonate

Acidosis is defined as a pH of the ECF below __________.

7.35

The single most important indicator of respiratory acid-base imbalances is the blood __________ level.

PCO2

Respiratory __________ results from hyperventilation, where CO2 is eliminated faster than it is produced.

alkalosis

Increased production of lactic acid or the ingestion of acidic drugs like aspirin can lead to __________.

metabolic acidosis

__________ is a rare disorder that can result from the overuse of antacids or chronic vomiting.

Metabolic alkalosis

What is the sequence of body fluid compartments from inside the cell outward?

Intracellular fluid (ICF) → Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) → Blood plasma

What is the sequence of the body’s acid-base defenses from fastest to slowest?

Chemical buffers → Respiratory system → Kidneys

What is the sequence that occurs during respiratory acidosis?

Hypoventilation → CO₂ retention → ↑ H⁺ → ↓ pH → Acidosis

What is the sequence that occurs during respiratory alkalosis?

Hyperventilation → ↓ CO₂ → ↓ H⁺ → ↑ pH → Alkalosis

What is the sequence that occurs during metabolic acidosis caused by diarrhea?

Loss of bicarbonate → ↓ HCO₃⁻ → ↓ pH → Metabolic acidosis

What is the sequence that occurs when blood osmolarity increases?

↑ Blood osmolarity → Hypothalamic osmoreceptors stimulated → Thirst and ADH release → Increased water intake and reabsorption

The urinary system consists of six principal organs: two kidneys, two ureters, one __________, and one urethra.

urinary bladder

A __________ waste is a waste substance specifically produced by the body, such as nitrogenous wastes.

metabolic

Among the nitrogenous wastes, __________ is produced from amino acid (protein) catabolism.

Urea

The product of nucleic acid catabolism found in nitrogenous waste is __________.

uric acid

Creatinine is a nitrogenous waste product resulting from the catabolism of __________.

creatine phosphate

The kidneys secrete __________, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

erythropoietin

During starvation, the kidneys can synthesize __________ from amino acids.

glucose

The granular-appearing outer region of the kidney is the __________, while the deep region is the renal medulla.

renal cortex

Renal pyramids are separated by __________, which are inward extensions of cortical tissue.

renal columns