Chapter 2 - EPIC

12 million

estimate number of Indigenous People in the Philippines

14% of the country’s total population

percentage of the indigenous people in the Philippines

110 indigenous groups

estimate number of Indigenous groups in the Philippines

agriculture

Indigenous people are dependent to?

Tingguian, Isneg, northern Kalinga, Bontoc, Sagada, Ifugao, Southern Kalinga, Ibaloi and Kankanaey

Region I and CAR have what kind of Indigenous groups?

Ibanag, Itawes, Yogad, Gaddang, Ilongot, Ikalahan, Isinai, and some Aeta groups

Region II have what kind of Indigenous groups?

Dumagat, Pugot, Sambal, and other Aeta groups

Region III have what kind of Indigenous groups?

Different Agta groups, seven Mangyan groups: Iraya, Alangan, Tadyawan, Tao-Buid, Buhid, Hanunoo, and Gubatnon, Tagbanua, Batak, Palawanon and Cuyunon

Region IV have what kind of Indigenous groups?

Different Agta groups: Kabihug of Camarines Norte, Agta Tabangnon, Agta Cimarron, and Itom

Region V have what kind of Indigenous groups?

Sulod and the Ati

Region VI have what kind of Indigenous groups?

Lumads: Subanen, B’laan, T’boli, Mandaya, Mansaka, Tiruray, Higaonon, Manobo, Bagobo, Bukidnon, Tagakaolo, Ubo, Banwaon, Kalagan, Dibabawon, Talaandig, Mamanwa and Manguangan

Mindanao have what kind of Indigenous groups?

Corntassel, 2003

According to _________, the flexible definitional approaches to indigenous people can enhance the human rights protection of IP groups and communities

International Working Group for Indigenous Affairs

They outlined three primary rationales for a clear and well-defined conceptualization of Indigenous Peoples.

self-identification, suffer high level of marginalization and discrimination, opportunity to be heard and seen by the local and international government

The three primary rationales for a clear and well-defined conceptualization of Indigenous Peoples. (IWGIA)

baluga

derogatory term used to call the Pampangan Aeta’s; means Black

siyamal

derogatory term used to call the Sama people

indigen

The word indigenous came from the Latin term __________

native/original

indigen means?

United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues

According to them, term “indigenous” has been used continuously, whether as a form of collective names for categorization or as representation to the legal issues in the corresponding state that governs them.

first/people or nations

Canadians refer indigenous people as?

adivasi

Indians refer indigenous people as?

aboriginals

Australians refer indigenous people as?

janajati

Nepal refer indigenous people as?

orang asli or bumiputera

Indonesians/Malaysians refer indigenous people as?

tribal people

orang asli means?

son of soil

bumiputera means?

Asian Development Bank Framework

According to them, they observed that there are two primary similarities in the existing definitions of indigenous peoples groups.

First is that they are descended from population groups that lived in a particular geographic area before a modern state, territories and borders were defined.

Second, they maintain unique cultural identities, or their social, economic, cultural and political institutions are different and separate from the mainstream or dominant societies.

Asian Development Bank defined IPs as?

International Labor Organization Framework

According to them, The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples' Rights in Practice: A Guide to ILO Convention, Number 169 provides the criteria to separate the concept “tribal people” from IPs.

• regarded first as those with culture, social organizations, economic conditions and way of life that are different from other segments of the national population

• those who have their own traditions and customs and/or legal recognition

According to International Labor Organization Framework, Tribal people are?

• are characterized first by their historical continuity, and their societies thriving during pre-conquest and colonization

• the territorial connection and their ancestors inhabiting the country or a region of the country of which they have a claim

• they have distinct social, economic, cultural and political institutions and retain either some or all of their own institutions.

According to International Labor Organization Framework, Indigenous people are?

United Nations Framework

Consists of various ambassadors and researchers who have unique way in describing the IP people.

Martinez Cobo’s Report to the UN Sub-Commission on the Prevention of the Discrimination of Minorities in 1986

He provides under __________, what can be considered as the most quoted working definition of Indigenous People; it also highlights the importance of historical continuity in its definition of IPs

• Having historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed in the territories;

• That consider themselves distinct from other sectors of those societies that are now prevailing on those territories or part of them;

• That form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories and their ethnic identity;

• Whose preservation, development and transmission are the basis of their continued existence as peoples who are in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system.

According to Martinez Cobo’s Report, IPs are defined as?

Chairperson-Rapporteur Madame Erica-Irene Daes

She proposed another definition of IP people from United Nations’ Working Group on Indigenous Populations.

United Nations’ Working Group on Indigenous Populations

Chairperson-Rapporteur Madame Erica-Irene Daes is a part of?

• Descendants of groups that were in the territory of the country at the time when other groups of different cultures or ethnic origins arrived there;

• Isolated or excluded from other segments of the country's population and so have preserved almost intact the customs and traditions of their ancestors; and

• Distant from or alien to the national, social and cultural characteristics of the State structure that claims them.

Chairperson-Rapporteur Madame Erica-Irene Daes of United Nations’ Working Group on Indigenous Populations designates IPs as those:

• Occupation of ancestral lands, or at least of part of them;

• Common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands;

• Culture in general, or in specific manifestations (such as religion, living under a tribal system, membership of an indigenous community, dress, means of livelihood, instant loans, lifestyle, etc.);

• Language (whether used as the only language, as mother-tongue, as the habitual means of communication at home or in the family, or as the main, preferred, habitual, general or normal language);

• Residence in certain parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world; and

• Other relevant factors.

According to the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, the historical continuity discussed by the Martinez Cobo Study can be characterized by the following factors:

World Health Organization Framework

According to them, they primarily aims to advance the health status of indigenous people in the world. They acknowledge the fact that most IPs’ health status is poorer than non-indigenous population groups in countries all over the world.

• Identify themselves and are recognized and accepted by their community as indigenous;

• Demonstrate historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies;

• Have strong links to territories and surrounding natural resources;

• Have distinct social, economic or political systems;

• Maintain distinct languages, cultures and beliefs;

• Form non-dominant groups of society; and

• Resolve to maintain and reproduce their ancestral environments and systems as distinctive peoples and communities.

In the absence of an official definition from the United Nations, the WHO provides a modern and inclusive understanding of IPs, which include those who:

Scholarly Definitions of Indigenous People

Corntassel (2003) provides a historical development of the conceptualization of the term Indigenous People in the academe and its implication to the status and condition of these groups.

Franke Wilmer

He is considered as the first social scientist to examine the condition of IPs in the world and defines IPs first as those with tradition-based culture; second as those who were politically autonomous before colonization; and third as those who continued to struggle for the preservation of their cultural integrity, economic self-reliance and political independence against colonizers and the modern states.

• The fact that they are descended from the original inhabitants of the geographic areas they continue to occupy, making them aboriginal.

• They intend to live in conformity with their tradition-based cultures, which are evolving.

• Their political destiny is subjected to policy from outside forces, which refers primarily to the State they belong to.

Three criteria of a group to be considered as IP (Alfred and Wilmer, 1997)

Katutubo

commonly referred to the Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines

Lumad

referred to Indigenous Peoples in Mindanao to separate them from the Islamic ethnic groups in the region

Republic Act No. 8371

otherwise known as “An Act to Recognize, Protect and Promote the Rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples, Creating a National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Establishing Implementing Mechanisms, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for other Purpose.”

Republic Act No. 8371

This definition highlights the need for self-identification, the qualifications of ancestral roots and descent, the historical continuity of life, the sustained ancestral language and ancestral land claim, the persistence of a distinct way of life and status as non-dominant group and their aspirations to self-preservation and self-determination.

Self-identification

an individual belongs to an IP group once he or she is accepted as belonging to the group;

Ancestral Roots and Descent

they boast of a common ancestry and their lineage can be traced back to the community or group of people that thrive within a particular territory prior to colonization, or the establishment of modern state;

Historical Continuity of Way of Life

the community or the groups’ distinct way of life (e.g. religion, tribal system of governance, dress, means of livelihood, lifestyle, etc.). This tradition-based culture is inherited from a group of people in a particular territory prior to colonization or the establishment of a modern state;

Ancestral Language Sustained

the language identifiable to them and their ancestors has persisted and endured either as the only language, as mother tongue or habitual means of communication at home or in the family; or is considered as the main, preferred, habitual and general language.

Ancestral Land Claim

continued occupation and claim to a particular portion of land that IPs believed to be home to their ancestors, thus providing them with a right of inheritance to this land;

Distinct Way of Life and Non-Dominance

the sustained beliefs, customs and traditions IPs inherited from their ancestors makes them consider themselves as distinct from other sectors of society, particularly the dominant groups prevailing in the territories or state they are placed under;

Aspirations for Self-Preservation and Self-Determination

as a non-dominant sector of society, which has continuously been influenced and assimilated by dominant sectors of society, IPs have a strong determination to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories and their ethnic identity.