Chapter 12-Management

the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior

motivation

rewards that are the payoff a person receives from others for performing a particular task

extrinsic rewards

rewards that are the satisfaction a person receives from performing the particular task itself

intrinsic rewards

What are the 4 major perspectives on motivation?

content theories, process theories, job design theories, and reinforcement theories

theory that emphasizes needs as motivators

content theories

theory that focuses on thoughts and perceptions that motivate behavior

process theories

theory that focuses on designing jobs that lead to employee satisfaction and performance

job design theories

theory that is based on the notion that motivation is a function of behavioral consequences and not unmet needs

reinforcement theories

psychological or physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior

needs

theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people

content perspectives

What are the 5 needs included in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

physiological need

safety need

love need

esteem need

self-actualization need

need for food, clothing, shelter, comfort, self-preservation

physiological need

need for physical safety, emotional security, avoidance of violence

safety need

need for love, frienship, affection

love need

need for self-respect, status, reputation, recognition, self- confidence

esteem need

need for self-fulfillment, increasing competence, using abilities to the fullest

self-actualization need

theory that says that 3 needs are major motives determining people’s behavior in the workplace

McClellands Acquired Needs Theory

What are the 3 needs in McClellands Acquired Needs Theory?

achievement

affiliation

power

desire to achieve excellence in challenging tasks

achievement

desire for friendly and warm relationships

affiliation

desire to influence or control others

power

theory that assumes people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment with their behavior and well-being influenced by 3 innate needs

Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory

What theory focuses primarily on intrinsic motivation and rewards?

Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory

What are the 3 innate needs of the Self-Determination Theory?

competence

autonomy

relatedness

people need to feel qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task and to learn different skills

competence

people need to feel they have the freedom and the discretion to determine what they want to do and how they want to do it

autonomy

people need to feel a sense of belonging, of attachment to others

relatedness

theory that proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

What are the two factors included in Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory?

work satisfaction from so-called motivating factors

work dissatisfaction from so-called hygiene factors

factors associated with job dissatisfaction which affect the job context in which people work

hygiene factors

factors associated with job satisfaction, which affects the job content or the rewards of work performance

motivating factors

perspective concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act

process perspectives

What are the three process theories?

equity or justice theory

expectancy theory

goal-setting theory

type of process theory that is a model of motivation that explains how people drive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships

equity theory

The equity theory later expanded into an area called organizational justice made of up what 3 components?

distributive justice

procedural justice

interactional justice

What type of organizational justice asks, “How fairly are rewards being given out?”

distributive justice

What type of organizational justice asks, “How fair is the process for handing out rewards?”

procedural justice

What type of organizational justice asks, “How fairly am I being treated when rewards are given out?”

interactional justice

type of justice concerned with the extent to which people perceive they are treated fairly at work

organizational justice

theory that suggests that people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are going to get it

expectancy theory

Who created the expectancy theory?

Victor Vroom

What are the 3 elements to the expectancy theory?

expectancy

instrumentality

valence

belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance

expectancy

expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome

instrumentality

the value a worker assigns to an outcome

valence

theory that suggest that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging, but achievable

goal-setting theory

Who created the Goal-Setting Theory?

Locke and Latham

division of an organization’s work among its employees

job design

increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety

enlargement

building motivating factors into a job

enrichment

theory that suggests that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends to not be repeated

reinforcement theory

use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior

behavior modification

use of positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior

positive reinforcement

strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative

negative reinforcement

weakening behavior by ignoring it or making sure it’s not reinforced

extinction

weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something postivie

punishment

monetary rewards

compensation

benefit programs or initiatives designed to help all employees balance work like with home life

work-life benefits

To _______, you may shadow other employees, get tuition reimbursement, and training.

expand your skills

the combined impact of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement (PERMA)

well-being

the sense of belonging to and serving something that you believe is bigger than yourself

meaningfulness