Cell Structure and Function Overview

Cells

The basic units of life.

Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure & function, cells come only from other cells, all cells have the same basic composition, use energy, & contain DNA.

Rudolph Virchow

Scientist who stated that cells come only from other cells.

Theodor Schwann

Scientist who stated that all animals are composed of cells.

Janet Plowe

Scientist who determined that the cell membrane is a physical structure.

Robert Hooke

First person to discover the cell.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First person to see living cells.

Matthias Schleiden

Scientist who stated that all plants are composed of cells.

Volume

What increases more rapidly as the size of a cell increases compared to surface area.

Small Cells

More efficient at moving materials into & out of the cell compared to large cells.

Cytoplasm

One of the two parts of a cell.

Cell Membrane

Another term for the plasma membrane.

Cytosol

The liquid inside of a cell.

Organelles

Small structures inside of a cell that have specific functions.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple cells that have no nucleus, major organelles, or internal membranes.

Bacteria

Example of a prokaryotic cell.

Eukaryotic Cells

Complex cells that have a nucleus, major organelles, & internal membranes.

Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist

Examples of eukaryotic cells.

Cell Membrane, Ribosomes, Cytosol, DNA or Chromatin

Four organelles that ALL cells have.

Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, Basal Bodies, Lysosomes

Five organelles that animal cells have that plant cells do not.

Chloroplasts, Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts, Cell Wall, Central Vacuole, Middle Lamellae

Six organelles that plant cells have that animal cells do not.

Ribosomes

Organelle that is the site of protein synthesis or produces proteins.

DNA or Chromatin

Organelle that is the hereditary material that determines the characteristics of the cell/organism.

Basal Bodies

Organelle that anchors cilia & flagella to the cell membrane.

Chromoplasts

Organelle that is a plastid that stores pigments.

Lysosomes

Organelle that contains digestive enzymes and functions to digest substances.

Chloroplast

Organelle that is a plastid that contains chlorophyll & is the site of photosynthesis.

Centrioles

Organelle that aids in cell division.

Cilia

Organelle used for movement that are many short, hair-like structures.

Flagella

Organelle used for movement that is a singular long, whip-like structure.

Leucoplast

Organelle that is a plastid that stores starch.

Vacuole

Organelle that is a large space that stores food, water, & waste.

Cell Wall

Organelle that is structure composed of cellulose in plants.

Middle Lamellae

Structure that cements plant cells together.

Golgi Body

Organelle that packages materials by wrapping membranes around them.

Er

What organelle is an extensive system of membranes that functions in internal transport?

nucleus

What organelle is a large organelle that contains the hereditary material & is often called the control center?

cytoskeleton

What organelle is composed of protein rods & tubes that internally supports the cell & provides movement?

nucleolus

What organelle contains RNA & produces or assembles ribosomes?

Nuclear envelope

What organelle is double layered membrane that surrounds the chromatin & contains nuclear pores?

microfilaments

What part of the cytoskeleton are thin filaments that allow for muscular & amoeboid movement?

microtubules

What part of the cytoskeleton are thick, hollow filaments used mostly for support and shape?

Intermediate filaments

What part of the cytoskeleton create internal scaffolding?

Rough Er

What organelle is covered in ribosomes & is used mostly in internal transport?

Smooth Er

What organelle is not covered in ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, & is the site of detoxification?

vesicle

What organelle is any substance covered or packaged in a membrane?

peroxisomes

What organelle neutralizes oxidants like hydrogen peroxide & breaks down fatty acids?

mitochondria

What organelle produces energy through the processes of cellular respiration?

pili & capsule

What are two special structures located in bacteria?

It is a thick slime covering that protects against antibiotics/adhere to structures and forms biofilms

What is the function of the capsule?

pili(pilus)

What is the function of the pili?

nucleoid

What is the general area where the DNA is located in a bacteria?

extracellular

What term is used to represent the space outside the cell?

intracellular & cytoplasm

What term(s) is used to represent the space inside the cell?

Fluid mosaic model

What is the name of the model of the cell/plasma membrane?

Phospholipids/cholesterol/proteins

List the THREE parts of the cell membrane.

peripheral or cell surface

What are proteins that are confined to the surface called?

integral or transmembrane proteins

What are proteins that are located within the membrane called?

cholesterol

What is the function of cholesterol in the membrane?

It hardens the membrane

What happens when you get TOO MUCH cholesterol in the membrane?

atherosclerosis

What disease is caused by too much cholesterol causing hardening of the arteries?

adhesion

Enables cells to stick together.

recognition

Allows the body to recognize its own cells.

receptor

Allows the body to communicate with itself.

enzymes

Speed up reactions.

transport

Creates passageways for substances to travel.

The membrane allows some materials to move through the membrane but stops others

Define selectively permeable or semi-permeable membrane.

Passive transport

Moves substances from high concentration to low concentration.

Types of passive transport

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration

Diffusion

The net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Equilibrium

Concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space

Osmosis

The movement of water from high to low concentration across a membrane

Brownian movement

The random movement of molecules

Solvent

The substance that dissolves something

Solute

The substance that is dissolved

Solution

The two substances together (solvent and solute)

Isotonic solution

If the concentration of solute is equal, water moves in & out equally and the cell stays the same

Hypertonic solution

If the concentration of solute is higher outside the cell, water moves outside the cell and the cell shrinks

Hypotonic solution

If the concentration of solute is lower outside the cell, water moves inside the cell and the cell swells & bursts

Lysis

The term used in an animal cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution & bursts

Crenation

The term used in an animal cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution & shrivels

Isotonic solution for animal cell

The type of osmotic solution that would be normal for an animal cell

Turgor

The term used in a plant cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution (normal for a plant)

Flaccid

The term used in a plant cell when it is placed in an isotonic solution (not normal for a plant)

Plasmolysis

The term used in a plant cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution (not normal for a plant)

Facilitated diffusion

The net movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration using a transport protein

Filtration

The movement of water and solutes from high pressure to low pressure

Diffusion example

A teaspoon of sugar dissolves in water

Osmosis example

A red blood cell placed in water bursts

Active transport types

Active processes and bulk transport

Bulk transport

The movement of materials in or out of the cell using a vesicle

Endocytosis

The bulk movement of materials inside the cell using a vesicle

Exocytosis

The bulk movement of materials outside the cell using a vesicle

Types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Cellular eating that brings a solid material into the cell, e.g., white blood cell engulfing a bacteria

Pinocytosis

Cellular drinking that brings a liquid material into the cell, e.g., cell engulfing a droplet of oil

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Occurs when the substance attaches to proteins on the cell membrane before a vesicle is formed

Active transport

Processes that move substances from low concentration to high concentration

Sodium potassium pump

An example of an active transport process.

Energy

The ability to do work.