SGT 102 Mod 11 Howe Ch. 5 & Immunity Study Guide

Anaphylaxis

 Severe, systemic allergic reaction.

Titer

measure of specific antibodies.

Antigen

 Substance that stimulates an immune response

Immunization

is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine.

Natural Immunity

• Species-specific

Humoral Immunity

Protects the body through the production of antibodies or B memory cells.

Active Immunity

• Natural exposure to antigen

• Development of antibodies

Bacteriostatic

Characteristic of an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth.

Bactericidal

Characteristic of an antibiotic that kills bacteria.

Gram Staining

Rapid identification test that assists the physician in prescribing an initial course of antibiotic therapy based on the probable pathogen causing the infection; method to distinguish types of bacteria using a series of staining agents.

Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)

Process of growing microbes in culture to determine the infecting pathogen and exposure of the pathogen to various antibiotics to determine which agent will best inhibit the pathogen’s growth.

Endogenous

Pertaining to a source of bacteria within the patient.

Exogenous

Pertaining to a source of bacteria from outside the patient.

Major Histocompatibility Complex Typing (MHC)

Tissue matching before transplantation proceduress

Carbapenems

• The last line of defense against # of MDR bacteria.
ex.) polymicrobic and resistant bacteria.

Multidrug-Resistant (MDR)

germ that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, making treatment difficult and potentially life-threatening. 

Eukaryotes

Multicellular organisms

Prokaryotes

 One-celled organisms

ex.) bacteria

Rickettsial

• Carried by ticks, mites, and fleas.
• Enter host's body, attach to blood vessels, multiply.
• Causes diseases like typhus, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
• Prevention involves avoiding carriers.

Infection

The process by which a microorganism (pathogen) enters the body and causes harm or disease.

Tetracyclines

• first broad-spectrum antibiotic
• Primarily used to treat acne and rickettsial infections.

• New subclass: Glycylcyclines 
  • Oral administration

Penicillin

a natural chemical produced by Penicillium chrysogenum, a fungus.

Alexander Fleming

- Discovered penicillin in 1928.

- First antibiotic, called a “wonder drug.”

- Revolutionized treatment of bacterial infections.

- Prevented deadly complications from wounds.

- Key figures helped establish modern bacteriology.

Anthrax

• Caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis

• commonly affects livestock and wild animal

• infect humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated material ( intentionally)

Robert Koch

• Identified bacteria's role in disease.
  • Proved specific germs causing diseases in animals caused them in humans.
  • Identified anthrax germ in 1876, affecting cattle, sheep, and people.
  • Isolated tuberculosis germ in 1882, a common killer.

Cephalosporins

• broad spectrum, used as prophylaxis

• Given orally, intramuscular, or intravenous

• There are five generations 

Antibiotic Resistance

the ability of some strains of pathogenic microbes to prevent or withstand the activity of antimicrobial agents.

Elisa Testing

• Detects HIV antibodies

• Used for a number of other diseases

Louis Pasteur

• Developed work on microscopic bacteria.
• Proved silkworm disease caused by germs by 1870.
• Concluded germs could cause disease in humans.

Antiseptic

A chemical agent used on the skin to inhibit the proliferation of microorganisms.

Joseph Lister

• He believed germs could cause postoperative issues in surgical wounds.
• added a surgical link by using chemicals to kill germs in the operating room. (first antiseptic)
• His methods, including carbolic acid spraying, yielded impressive results.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Strain of S. aureus that has developed a resistance to methicillin.

T Cells

are a type of white blood cell (a lymphocyte) that play a crucial role in the adaptive immune system, specifically by destroying infected cells and signaling other immune cells to fight infection. 

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

transmitted by blood, tissues, or sexual contact. it may also be transmitted by infected mothers to infant before, during or after birth.

Lupus (SLE)

• Chronic inflammatory disease

• Affects a number of organ systems

• Characteristic facial rash—“butterfly rash”

• Affects primarily young women

• Incidence is higher in African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, Native Americans

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Cancer originating in the lymphatic system, characterized by abnormal lymphocyte growth.

Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs)

• Laboratory-synthesized chemicals
• Oldest chemotherapeutic agents, prescribed for pneumonia, UTIs, burns, eye infections.
• Administered orally, topically, and intravenously.
Laboratory-synthesized chemical

• Not strictly considered to be antibiotics because these chemicals did not originate in a microorganism

Fluoroquinolones

• Category of synthetic antibiotics
• Relatively low toxicity

• Broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive & gram-negative aerobes
  • Used for systemic infections, UTIs, osteomyelitis, and ophthalmics.

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)

Group of enteric (digestive tract) bacteria that has developed resistance to vancomycin.

Macrolides

• Group of broad-spectrum agents

• Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

• Only partially metabolized and are excreted almost unchanged in bile

• Most administered orally

Bacteria

Prokaryotes that are one-celled organisms without a fully developed nucleus.

Staph Aureus % of SSI

30

Coag negative staph % of SSI

13.7

Entrococcus species % of SSI

11.2

Pseudomonas aeruginosa % of ssi

5.6

Entribacter species % of SSI

4.2