Earth Science SOL Review

Density

This equals the mass of an objects * its volume. The unit for this is g/mL.

Water Displacement

How do you find the volume for an irregular object?

Warm

This type of air/water/magma rises because it's less dense

Cold

This type of air/water/magma sinks because it's more dense

Pressure

What else increases when density increases?

1g/mL

What is the density of liquid water?

Liquid

This form of water is the most dense

Hypothesis

A prediction about a problem that can be tested

Variable

A changeable factor in an experiment

Constants

Factors that are the same throughout an experiment

True

True or False, there an be more than one explanation for any phenomena?

Independent Variable

This type of variable is the one that YOU change

Dependent Variable

This type of variable is the result of the manipulation of the IV

Control

The part of an experiment where there's no manipulation of the IV (ex. the blank cereal box)

Latitude

Lines that go east-west, but measure north and south of the Equator

Longitude

Lines that go north-south, but measure east and west of the Prime Meridian

False

True or False, when finding the coordinates of a location, the longitude is first and the latitude is second?

Steeper

The closer the contour lines, the ____ the slope.

Upstream

Contour lines form V's and point in this direction when there are rivers and creeks present

Contour Interval

The increase in elevation between two adjacent contour lines

Mineral

This is found in nature, is inorganic, solid, and has a definite chemical composition and structure

Atomic

Mineral properties depend on this type of structure

Hardness

A way to identify a mineral; it tells us what can scratch the mineral

Color

The least efficient way to identify a mineral is by it's...

Luster

The shine of a mineral

Streak

The color of the powder in a mineral

Rock

This is made of one or more minerals

Silicates

The most abundant group of minerals that contain silicon and oxygen

Igneous

These type of rocks are produced by the cooling of magma or lava and are classified by composition and texture

Extrusive

Fast cooling rocks with small, fine-grained mineral grains, glassy, air holes present (ex. pumice, basalt, obsidian)

Intrusive

Slow cooling rocks with coarse or large mineral grains

Metamorphic

This type of rock is formed by heat and pressure or chemical action

Foliated

These metamorphic rocks have banded layers

Non-Foliated

These metamorphic rocks do not have banded layers

Sedimentary

This type of rock is formed from rock fragments, organic material, or chemical precipitation

Sedimentary

Fossils are found in this type of rock

Sedimentary

This type of rock can be classified into three groups, clastic, organic, and chemical

Limestone

This rock is formed both chemically and organically

Clastic

This type of rock is made of fragments (ex. conglomerate, sandstone, shale)

Non-Renewable

Coal, oil, and mineral are all these type of resources

Lithosphere

This part of the Earth is made up of the crust and upper mantle

Asthenosphere

This part of the Earth is made up of the lower mantle

Ocean

This crust is thinner, younger, and denser than continental crust

Continental

This crust is thicker, older, and less dense of oceanic crust

Ocean

This plate will always sink under a continental plate because it's more dense

Convection Currents

These move tectonic plates

Convergent Boundaries

Colliding plates which cause folded or thrust faulted mountains, subduction zones (volcanoes & trenches), and reverse faults. It involves compression.

Collision Zones

Folded and thrust-faulted mountains are features of these convergent boundary type of zones

Subduction Zones

Volcanoes and trenches are features of these convergent boundary type of zones

Divergent Boundaries

Dividing plates which cause sea-floor spreading, mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and volcanoes.

Transform Boundaries

These slide past each other and produce strike slip faults and earthquakes

Folds

Wave-like forms made of horizontally compressed rocks; commonly occurs during continental collisions

Folded

What type of mountains are the Appalachians?

Fault

A break or crack in the Earth's crust where the tectonic plate movement has occurred

3

How many seismic stations are needed to find the epicenter of an earthquake?

P Waves

Which waves travel the fastest and reach the seismic station first?

S Waves

Which waves are the second to reach the seismic station and can not travel through liquids?

L Waves

Which waves are the last to reach the seismic station?

Volcanic

____ activity is associated with subduction, rifting, or sea floor spreading, and hot spots.

Cinder Cones

These types of volcanoes form steep sided mountains and have violent eruptions

Shield Volcanoes

These types of volcanoes form low sloping and broad mountains where the eruptions are generally considered quiet and oozing

Composite Volcanoes

These types of volcanoes are a combination of cinder cones and shield volcanoes in their actions. They alternately erupt violently and quietly forming layers that show evidence of the varying eruption types

Weathering

The process of rocks breaking down chemically and physically by water, air, and organisms

Chemical Weathering

This type of weathering alters the chemical makeup of a rock and occurs in warm, humid climates

Mechanical Weathering

This type of weathering alters the physical look of a rock and occurs in cold climates

Frost Wedging

When a rock with a crack in it gets filled with water, which freezes, expands the rock, and then melts

Erosion

The process of Earth's materials being transported by moving water, ice, or wind

Gravity

What causes erosion?

Erosion

Streams and moving water are the major agents of ____.

Deposition

The process of Earth's materials being carried by wind, water, or ice and settling out and being deposited

False

True or false, smaller particles settle out first?

Permeability

The ability for water to move through soil

Soil

Loose rock fragments and clay derived from weathered rock mixed with organic material

Karst Topography

An area with caves and sinkholes

Limestone

What rock is dissolved by acidid groundwater forming caves?

Porosity

The amount of space between the soil where the water will move

True

True or False, water does not pass through impermeable materials?

Cone of Depression

This is formed when more water is being used up than being replenished

Aquifer

This is a layer of permeable rock that transports groundwater freely and is confined between 2 impermeable rock layers

Spring

This area is where the water table reaches the land's surface

False

True or False, ores are not useful and profitable?

Virginia

What state has resources including limestone, gravel, and coal?

Renewable Resources

Resources that can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which they are used (ex. vegetation, sunlight, surface water)

Non-Renewable Resources

Resources that are renewed very slowly or not at all (ex. coal, oil, minerals)

Fossil

This is the remains, impressions, or other evidence of a former existence of life preserved in a rock

Marine Organisms

What type of fossils are mostly found in Virginia?

Carbon-14

This is used to find the ages of human artifacts or things that were once living

4.6 Billion Years

How old is planet Earth?

Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, and the Appalachian Plateau

What are the 5 physiographic provinces of Virginia?

Coastal Plain

This VA region is the flattest

Piedmont

This VA region is an are of rolling hills, igneous and metamorphic rocks

Blue Ridge

This VA region is a high region separating the Piedmont from the Valley and Ridge regions; it has some of the oldest rocks in the state

Valley and Ridge

This VA region has long parallel ridges and valleys composed of folded and faulted rocks that occurred during the collision of Africa and North American during the Paleozoic Era.

Appalachian Plateau

This VA region has rugged, irregular topography and is underlain by ancient, flat-lying sedimentary rocks; most of VA's coal is found here

2

How many high and low tides occur each day?

Tide

The daily periodic rise and fall of water level caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and the moon

Cold to Warm

Do currents run from warm to cold or cold to warm areas?

Upwelling

This brings cold, nutrient rich water from the bottom of the ocean to the surface

Estuaries

These places are where salt water mixes with fresh water; it's a partially enclosed body of water with open access to the sea or ocean (ex. Chesapeake Bay)

Cyanobacteria

What bacteria was responsible for the first oxygen on Earth?