BJU Press Biology Chapter 7--Cell Processes

photosynthesis

the process in which specially designed cells take light energy and convert it into chemical energy

light-dependent phase of photosynthesis

captures the energy from the sunlight

light-independent phase

changes the energy into a form that can be used by the organism

NADP+

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

stomata

the tiny openings in leaves that brings in carbon dioxide

what is released from the calvin cycle

glucose

electron transport chain

a “water wheel” system that increases the H+ in the thylakoid and decreases the H+ in the chloroplast stoma

chlorophyll

a chemical pigment that absorbs energy to produce the green color

thylakoid

green sacks of membrane-bound compartments

What happens in the Calvin cycle

carbon fixation, carbon reduction, RuBisCo generation

RuBisCo

an enzyme that links carbon dioxide molecules into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Carbon fixation

RuBisCo is used to link CO2 molecules into three-carbon molecules (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate),

Carbon reduction

Produces only one G3P molecule, other molecules are fed back into Calvin cycle to repeat the process

C3 plants

plants that use the Calvin cycle to produce the three-carbon precursor to glucose (G3P)

CAM plants

plants that open their stomata only at night when it is cooler to get around photorespiration so they can absorb carbon dioxide without losing water

C4 plants

plants that continue the Calvin cycle but use less carbon dioxide and create a four-carbon molecule (although it requires more energy)

cellular respiration

the process in which energy is produced for molecules in both producers and consumers

glycolysis

the process in which energy is released and formed into ATP

aerobic

requiring air to live

what happens during the citric acid cycle

pyruvate from glycolysis migrates into the mitochondrion, breaks off a carbon to form acetyl CoA, Acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule to form citric acid, citric acid loses a carbon and generates one molecule of NADH and a 5-carbon molecule (a-ketoglutarate), a-ketoglutarate loses a carbon to generate one NADH and one ATP, turns the four-carbon molecule into oxaloacetate, combines with pyruvate and restarts the cycle

what happens in cellular respiration phase 3

NADH releases electrons and hydrogen ions, electrons are passed through the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are actively transported into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion, hydrogen ions pass back into the matrix (with help from ATP synthase), electrons are hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form water, the electron transport chain uses one glucose molecule to make 32 ATP

matrix

the innermost part of the mitochondrion

chemiosmosis

the diffusion of hydrogen ions passing from a higher to a lower concentration and catalyzes ATP formation

anaerobic process

a process that does not require oxygen

the two steps in anaerobic processes

glycolysis and fermentation

alcoholic fermentation

pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into alcohol using NADH (pyruvate + NADH —> ethyl alcohol + CO₂ + NAD⁺)

lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate + NADH —> lactic acid + NAD⁺