ESCI

Big bang theory

The ______ is a cosmological model that explains how the universe began

13.8 billion years ago

The big bang theory suggests that the universe started its expansion about __________ based on latest calculations.

Not a literal explosion

The concept of big bang is _____________ of something that led to the creation of the universe.

Bread-Raisin Model

The bread represents the universe, while raisins are the galaxies. The galaxies, represented by the dots, are not expanding.

Distance

The _______ in relation to other galaxies just increase because of the expanding universe

Singularity

The universe started as a __________ an area predicted to be in the core of a black hole with very high temperature and density. The intense heat resulted in the formation of matter and antimatter particles that were destroyed every time they collided with each other.

Nucleosynthesis

is the formation of elements, such as H and He. Presence of these elements led to the formation of stars and galaxies. The presence of stars led to the formation of other cosmic bodies, such as planets, comets, and asteroids.

expansion of the universe

Evidence That Support the Big Bang Theory

The ________ is supported by the observation that galaxies are receding from us.

high amount of light elements

Evidence That Support the Big Bang Theory

The__________, such as H, He, and Li. These elements were formed through the fusion of protons and neutrons immediately after the big bang.

detection of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation

Evidence That Support the Big Bang Theory

The ____________, which is the residue or heat leftover from the big bang.

Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître

Proponents of the Big Bang Theory

___________ was the first proponent of the theory. He suggested the idea of the expanding universe.

Edwin Powell Hubble

Proponents of the Big Bang Theory

_________ established the Hubble’s law, which provided an evidence that the universe was not static but expanding.

Robert Wilson

Proponents of the Big Bang Theory

_________These waves were referred to as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation.

Arno Penzias

Proponents of the Big Bang Theory

_______ discovered that microwaves with wavelengths of about 7 cm were present in space.

universe was created

Drawbacks of the Big Bang Theory

It fails to explain how the________

originated

Drawbacks of the Big Bang Theory

It just explains how the universe evolves and not where it________

how the galaxies formed

Drawbacks of the Big Bang Theory

It also fails to explain _______

steady-state theory

is another view that proposes that the universe has always been expanding. As the universe expands, new stars and galaxies are formed at the same rate that old ones become unobservable due to distance and recession velocity. Despite the continuous expansion, the average density of the universe remains the same.

Beginning and end

The universe, according to the Steady-State Theory

has no ________ and has no _______

will always be present

The universe, according to the Steady-State Theory

Has always been here and ______. Always looks the same in any time and space. Creates new matter as it continuously expand

Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle

________ proposed the steady state theory in 1948

energy and mass

Drawbacks of the Steady-State Theory

It is not parallel with the law of conservation of _________.

reject

Drawbacks of the Steady-State Theory

The discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation significantly supported the explanations given by the big bang theory and led many scientists to ____ the steady-state theory in 1965

supernova

Drawbacks of the Steady-State Theory

Recent findings rejects the idea that cosmic radiation was a result of a _______.

radiation is equal

Drawbacks of the Steady-State Theory

It has been proven that __________ in any direction of the universe and could not have resulted from supernova.

Oscillating universe theory

also known as pulsating theory, proposes that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after the big bang has been used up. Then, it will expand again once it approaches the point of singularity.

Big Crunch

The oscillating universe is a combination of _______ and big bang. _______ occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverses, then collapses causing the formation of a singularity.

Richard Tolman

Proponent of the Oscillating Universe Theory

______, a Caltech professor, proposed it. _____ called the birth of another universe as the big bounce.

collapse

Drawbacks of the Oscillating Universe Theory

The suggestion that the universe would ______ on its own after it reaches its full expansion violates some current laws of physics, such as the postulated existence of dark energy.

heat death

Drawbacks of the Oscillating Universe Theory

The currently postulated end of the universe is by big freeze or _____

The Nebular Theory

According to the nebular theory, the solar system originated from a nebula. It is the widely accepted view about the formation of the solar system some 4.5 billion years ago.

Nebula

_____ is defined by NASA as giant cloud of gas and dust in space. This interstellar cloud of dust contains hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases.

Cloud Collapse

_______ The origin of the planets and sun in the solar system is a huge cloud of molecular gas and dust that collapsed.

Formation of the Protoplanetary Disk

Materials from the collapsed cloud fall inward and flatten into a disk.

Growth of planets

Dust and grains surrounding the disk collide and form planetesimals that collect into a planet

Emmanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace

Proponents of the Nebular Theory

Particles surrounding

Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory

_________ Saturn repel each other, which is contrary to the assumption that dust particles will be attached to each other forming a planet.

angular momentum

Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory

It does not follow the law of ________ because if the nebular theory is correct then the sun should be spinning at a higher rate than the others.

clockwise direction

Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory

It did not consider Uranus and Venus which rotates in a ________ while other planets rotates in a counterclockwise direction

The encounter theory

proposes that the planets were formed from the material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object, such as another star.

Planetesimal Theory

It proposes that a passing star termed as intruding star nearly collided with the protosun. The massive gravitational pull of the intruding star causes the protosun to eject filaments of material which then condensed into planetesimals. This theory describes how Earth started from a solid mass smaller than its present size

Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin

Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory

proposed that accretion of minute solid particles created planets and their moons rather than by gaseous or liquid material condensation.

Forest Ray Moulton

Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory

provided the mathematical calculations to Chamberlin’s idea.

no longer accepted today

Drawbacks of the Planetesimal Theory

Planetesimal theory is _______ due to the fact that hot material from the sun expands and dissipates rather than contract.

Tidal Theory

It explains that the solar system formed as a result of a near collision between a passing star and the sun. This theory proposes that the hot gas from the passing star condensed into planets instead of condensing into planetesimals.

James Jeans

Proponents of the Tidal Theory

an English physicist and astronomer

Harold Jeffreys

Proponents of the Tidal Theory

An English mathematician and astronomer in 1918.

cannot contract

Drawbacks of the Tidal Theory

One problem of the tidal theory is that the hot material from either star ________. Thus, planets will not form.

Accretion

happens when gravity attracts tiny bits of matter toward an object.

Homogeneous accretion

is when Earth accreted from materials of the same composition after condensation.

Heterogeneous accretion

Is when Earth accreted during condensation, forming a differentiated planet as it grew in size.

Albedo

All objects can either absorb or reflect light. This is a property known as ____. It has a value that ranges from 0 to 1.

Insolation

The amount of sunlight or______ varies based on many factors. Usually, it is based on:

• location

• season

• angle

• other factors

Sun

The ____ is the Earth’s main source of energy, and powers many of the processes in the planet. Plants are dependent on the ___ for photosynthesis

Solar Energy is Renewable

As long as the sun shines, solar energy is available for everyone to utilize.

This is advantageous since the sun is an environmentally friendly source of energy.

Earth’s Energy Budget

Earth’s energy budget is the balance of energy absorbed and energy reflected.

30% of the energy from the sun is reflected and scattered by clouds, atmosphere, and Earth’s light-colored surfaces.

Factors Affecting Earth’s Energy Budget

the amount of light colored surfaces

amount of radiation received

Earth’s axial tilt

presence of greenhouse gases

Greenhouse

______ effect is one of the factors that affects Earth’s energy budget

30%

of the solar energy that reaches the surface of Earth is reflected back to space while the remaining 70% of the solar energy is absorbed by Earth’s surface.

Atmospheric Composition

The bulk of the atmospheric composition of Earth is nitrogen and oxygen in which together comprises 99%.

Only 0.9% is argon and the remaining 0.1% is trace gases.

Carbon dioxide and ozone, although available in minute amounts, are very essential to life on Earth

Troposphere

is where humans and most of the biosphere reside, and is the lowest layer.

Stratosphere

Contains the ozone layer

Mesosphere

Meteorites burn up

Thermosphere

Layer with extremely high temperature

Exosphere

is the outermost layer of the atmosphere, and the layer in contact with outer space

Stratospheric Ozone

ozone that is good.

Tropospheric Ozone

this ozone is bad. These harmful when inhaled, can irritate the lungs and breakdown lung tissues.

Hydrological Cycle

The atmosphere is a crucial part of the water cycle. It serves as the reservoir of large amounts of water. Therefore, the atmosphere is an efficient medium to move water around the globe.

hydrosphere

Includes all of Earth’s water.

Salinity

Bodies of water are classified into either saltwater or freshwater, based on_____

Saltwater

primarily has high salt content. Examples:seas and oceans

Freshwater

has little to no salt content. Example: rivers, lakes, and streams

3.98 C

Water is at maximum density at

Heat capacity

Water has a relatively high ________, which allows it to resist temperature changes.

Water

These properties ______ make aquatic habitats a stable place for organisms to live in, since aquatic habitats can somewhat resisttemperature changes

Comets

The Origin of Water on Earth

The prevailing hypothesis on the origin of water on Earth suggests that water came from ____ that collided with Earth

Global water use

refers to how humans use water worldwide

volatiles

The Origin of Water on Earth

Other studies suggest that water was already present within Earth since formation as ______ trapped in magma

Agriculture

out 70% of global freshwater use is for______.

Drinking water

For domestic purposes, about 10% of freshwater is used for ________ and bathing.

industrial purposes

For _______, about 20% of water is used globally