photosynthesis/cellular respiration bio20AP

What is photosynthesis?

The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy ➡ C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What is cellular respiration?

The metabolic process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➡ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

Photosynthesis involves _, the process that breaks down water molecules to release oxygen during the light-dependent reactions.

hydrolysis.

The _ is a series of protein complexes located in the thylakoid membrane that transfers electrons through a series of redox reactions during photosynthesis.

electron transport chain.

The _ is the process occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that converts carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH generated in the light reactions.

Calvin-Benson cycle.

_ are light-harvesting complexes in the thylakoid membranes that capture photons and transfer energy to the reaction center during photosynthesis.

Photosystems.

_ is the enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the chemiosmotic process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

ATP synthase

Cellular respiration begins with a process called _, which breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

glycolysis.

During _, pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide while releasing electrons that are picked up by NAD+.

pyruvate oxidation.

The _ is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that creates a proton gradient by transferring electrons through redox reactions.

electron transport chain.

The _, also known as the citric acid cycle, processes acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide while generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

Krebs cycle.

_ is the enzyme responsible for producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during chemiosmosis in the electron transport chain.

ATP synthase.

What is a proton gradient in cellular respiration?

A proton gradient is the difference in proton concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane, created by the electron transport chain, which is used to drive ATP synthesis.

How is the proton gradient utilized in ATP production during cellular respiration?

The proton gradient created by the electron transport chain enables protons to flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, powering the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.

What is hydrolysis in photosynthesis?

Hydrolysis is the process in which water molecules are split to release oxygen during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

What occurs during the Calvin-Benson cycle?

The Calvin-Benson cycle converts carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions.

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?

The Krebs cycle processes acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2, which are essential for energy production.

What happens during the electron transport chain's reactions in cellular respiration?

In the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred through a series of protein complexes and redox reactions, creating a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP.

What is chlorophyll a?

Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment in photosynthesis responsible for absorbing light energy, mainly in the blue-violet and red wavelengths.

What role does chlorophyll b play in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment that assists in capturing additional light energy and transferring it to chlorophyll a.

What are accessory pigments in photosynthesis?

Accessory pigments, such as carotenoids and anthocyanins, capture light energy at different wavelengths and protect the plant from excess light.

How do accessory pigments enhance photosynthesis?

Accessory pigments broaden the spectrum of light that can be used for photosynthesis by capturing wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a.