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Isometric
________: contracts a muscle, tension changes but length does not.
Tendons
________: nonelastic fibers that connect muscle to bone.
Ligaments
________: somewhat elastic fibers that connect bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage.
surface tension
The ________ of the fluid in the pleural cavity secures the pleura together.
Sternum Body
________: contains the articulatory notch for ribs 2- 7.
Inspiratory capacity
________: the amount of air that one can inhale from the reset position.
Inhalation
________: When the thoracic cavity expands (through active muscle contraction) lung volume increases (air molecules are less compressed- → negative subglottal pressure- → air flows into the lungs)
External Intercostals
________: rise from lower margin of one rib, run downward and forward to be inserted at the upper margin of the rib below.
Elastic Cartilage
________ is found in: Epiglottis, External part of the ear (pinna), Corniculate cartilages of the arytenoids (larynx)
Trachea
________ breaks into two major stems: bronchi (which supply each side of the lung)
Hyaline Cartilage
________ is found in: nose, flexible ends of ribs, surfaces of bones at joints, cartilages in the larynx (thyroid and cricoid)
mucous membranes
Areolar: forms the "bed "for skin and ________, found almost everywhere in the body.
abdominal muscles
Forced expiration: All expiratory /________ contract pushing against the diaphragm, which is raised.
Apical pleura
________: thickening in the top portion of the lung.
Protective Pleura
________: traumatic puncture results in the collapse of only one lung (pnuemothorax)
Intercostal muscles
________: located between the ribs.
Exhalation
________: When the thoracic cavity reduces size, lung volume decreases (air molecules are compressed- → positive subglottal pressure- → air flows out of the lungs)
Arborize
________: become the bronchial tree; bronchioles.
skeleton
The ________: The framework of the body, which consists of bones and cartilage.
Relationship
________ between subglottic pressure and lung volume is determined when all respiratory muscles are relaxed.
Mediastinum
________: a membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs.
Axis
________: The 2nd cervical vertebra where head rotations occur.
Potential
________ (stored) energy in the muscles of quiet expiration: resulting from stretched inspiratory muscles is released.
Diaphragm
________: makes up floor of thoracic cavity, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity, most important muscle for inspiration.
internal intercostals
The ________ are the most important respiratory muscles for normal speech and singing, for they are the muscles that propel air out through the mouth and nose.
Speech
________: breathe in, increase volume, decrease pressur of air which is related to how long we can talk.
Larynx
________: Divides the airway into upper and low respiratory tracts.
Trachea last cartilage
________: bifurcates; separates into the main stem bronchi.
Costal Levators
________ Origin: the transverse process of 7th or lowest cervical vertebrae and upper eleventh thoracic vertebrae.
Fibrocartilage
________: Very strong and dense.
Vital capacity
________: the amount of air one can maximally exhale after a maximal inhalation (80 %)
Anatomy
________: The study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts.
Lungs
________ are when the vocal folds do something: airtight.
Nervous Tissue
________: monitors and regulates the functions of the body.
air passage
It provides a(n) ________ to help you breathe when the usual route for breathing is somehow blocked or reduced.
Lung volume
________ is increased, intrathoracic air pressure is decreased (less than the atmospheric pressure)
Antagonists
________- muscles that produce opposite movement.
Interpleura space
________: lines inner walls of thoracic cavity and lungs (Important in taking in air)
Vocal folds
________ serve as resistance to increase subglottal pressure.
Ellipsoid condyloid joint
________: Permits movement in all directions except rotation.
Quiet expiration
________: begins when gravity and elastic forces act upon the ribcage, decrease lung volume, increase intrathoracic pressure (more than the atmospheric pressure)
Insertion
________: area of attachment of muscle to bone.
phrenic nerve
Right ________: Passes lateral to the right brachiocephalic vein and the superior vena cava.
expiration
Active Breathing: in speech, controlled and prolonged ________ with rapid inspiration.
Boyles
________ law: inverse relationship between pressure and volume given a constant temperature.
Friction
________ free in relation to pleura: lungs and thoracic surface.
Agonists
________: muscles work together.
Respiration Biological function
________: Exchanging gas in the body.
Ubricates
________ and protects these organs and cavities from abrasive particles and bodily fluids, as well as invasive pathogens.
sternum
The ________ is medial to the arm.
Medial
Toward the midline of the body, which splits the body, head-to-toe, into two halves, the left and the right
Lateral
Relating to the side, lying away from the median axis of the body
Anatomy
The study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts
Anterior (ventral)
in the front of the sternum is on the anterior surface of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
in the back of the vertebrae are on the posterior surface of the body
Medial
toward the midline of the body
Lateral
away from the midline of the body
Proximal
closer to any point of reference
Superficial Example
The skin is superficial to the muscles
Sagittal
divides the body into right and left sides
Transverse
horizontal cut (divides the body into superior and inferior portions)
Prone
laying face down
The Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of all living things
Cells are
Highly organized masses of protoplasm (semifluid gel that consists of protein, CHO, Lipids, Nucleic acids and inorganic materials dispersed in water)
Types of Tissue
Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, Nervous, Vascular, Epithelial Tissue
The cells of epithelium form
sheets that cover the external surfaces of the body
Loose connective tissue found
beneath the skin
Areolar
forms the "bed" for skin and mucous membranes, found almost everywhere in the body
Tendons
nonelastic fibers that connect muscle to bone
Ligaments
somewhat elastic fibers that connect bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage
Special Connective
Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage is very important in
studying the speech mechanism
Hyaline Cartilage is found in
nose, flexible ends of ribs, surfaces of bones at joints, cartilages in the larynx (thyroid and cricoid)
Fibrocartilage
Very strong and dense
Elastic Cartilage is found in
Epiglottis, External part of the ear (pinna), Corniculate cartilages of the arytenoids (larynx)
Bone
The most important supporting structure of the body, hard (not flexible like cartilages)
Flat bones
found in the skull, shoulder blades and pelvic girdle
Fibrous Joints
Do not have articulatory space
Cartilaginous Joints
Do not have articulatory space
Spinous process
The spinous process is a piece of bone that comes off the back of the lamina at every level
Symphysis
a place where two bones are closely joined, either forming an immovable joint (as between the pubic bones in the center of the pelvis) or completely fused (as at the midline of the lower jaw)
Synovial Joints
also known as diarthrosis, joins bones or cartilage with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articulating surfaces
Ball and socket
Consists of a rounded ball-like end of bone that fits into a cup-like cavity in another bone, Movable around a great number of axes
Ball and socket joint examples
hip joint, shoulder joint
Hinge Joint
Permits movement in one plane (flexion and extension)
Ellipsoid-condyloid Joint
An oval-shaped articular facet fits into an elliptical-shaped cavity
Ellipsoid-condyloid joint
Permits movement in all directions except rotation
Muscle Cell
The smallest functional unit of the muscle tissue
Contracts
shortens
Action Potential
Every cell has its equilibrium potential
Action Potential
a sudden large change in the cell polarity that causes a wave of depolarization
All or None Law
Each fiber contracts maximally or not at all
Isometric
contracts a muscle, tension changes but length does not
Origin
place of attachment of a muscle which remains fixed during contraction
Insertion
area of attachment of muscle to bone
Agonists
muscles work together
Antagonists
muscles that produce opposite movement
Nervous Tissue
monitors and regulates the functions of the body
consists of two cells
nerve cells or neurons and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons
Organs
When two or more tissues combine in such a manner as to exhibit functional unity, Performs a special function
Note 
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