[02.19] PED - Overview of Pediatric Heart Diseases V1.pdf

Here is the complete active recall review questionnaire covering everything in the source.

Childhood to adolescence

When does acquired heart disease usually present in pediatric patients

Congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, and rhythm problems

What are the three categories of pediatric heart disease

Superior vena cava

Through which vessel does venous blood from the brain enter the right side of the heart

Inferior vena cava

Through which vessel does venous blood from the rest of the body enter the right side of the heart

Right atrium

Into which chamber does blood from the superior and inferior vena cava flow first

Tricuspid valve

Through which valve does blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

Right ventricle

Which chamber pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary artery

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Breathing

What physiological process oxygenates deoxygenated blood in the lungs

Pulmonary veins

Through which vessels does oxygenated blood return from the lungs to the left atrium

Left atrium

Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

Mitral valve

Through which valve does blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

Left ventricle

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

Aorta

Which major vessel delivers and distributes oxygenated blood to the other vital organs

Acyanotic and cyanotic heart diseases

What are the two major divisions of congenital heart disease

Increased pulmonary blood flow and normal or decreased pulmonary blood flow

What are the two pulmonary blood flow classifications used for congenital heart diseases

Left-to-right shunts

What type of shunts are included in acyanotic heart diseases with increased pulmonary blood flow

Atrial Septal Defect

What does the abbreviation ASD stand for

Left atrium and right atrium

Between which two chambers is the communication in an Atrial Septal Defect

Atrioventricular Canal Defect

What is one example of acyanotic CHD with increased pulmonary blood flow that has several variations

Ventricular Septal Defect

What does the abbreviation VSD stand for

Between the ventricles

Where is the defect located in a Ventricular Septal Defect

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

What does the abbreviation PDA stand for

Aorta and pulmonary artery

Which two major vessels are connected by the abnormal vessel in a Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Aortopulmonary Window

Which acyanotic defect is similar to a PDA but differs only in the location of the connection

Location of the defect or connection

How does an aortopulmonary AP window differ from a patent ductus arteriosus

Obstructive lesions

What type of lesions make up acyanotic congenital heart diseases with normal pulmonary blood flow

Pulmonary stenosis

What acyanotic condition involves narrowing or obstruction of the pulmonary valve

Mild, moderate, and severe

What are the three degrees of pulmonary stenosis depending on valve anatomy

Obstructing membrane

What abnormal structure can sometimes be found in the left atrium or the right atrium causing obstruction

Left atrium or right atrium

In which chambers can an obstructing membrane sometimes be found

Mitral stenosis

What acyanotic condition involves narrowing of the mitral valve

Aortic stenosis

Which obstructive lesion restricts the flow of blood from the left ventricle to the body

Ascending, transverse, descending, thoracic, or abdominal aorta

In what five locations along the aorta can coarctation occur

Central cyanosis and clubbing

What two clinical signs are required to support the presence of cyanosis in a child with CHD

Higher than normal for age

How is the hemoglobin concentration characterized in a child with cyanotic CHD

Equal to or less than 93 percent

What is the low arterial oxygen saturation threshold that supports the presence of cyanosis in a child with CHD

Decreased pulmonary blood flow

What pulmonary blood flow classification applies to right-sided obstructive lesions with a shunt

Overriding of aorta, pulmonary stenosis, VSD, and RVH

What are the four characteristic abnormalities of Tetralogy of Fallot

Pulmonary Atresia

Which cyanotic condition is characterized by the complete absence of a pulmonary valve or artery

Small

How are the right and left pulmonary arteries described if they are present in classic pulmonary atresia

Tricuspid atresia

Which cyanotic heart defect is characterized by no connection between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Ebstein Anomaly

Which condition involves displacement of the tricuspid valve to the apex, producing an enlarged right atrium

Apex

To what location is the tricuspid valve displaced in Ebstein Anomaly

Enlarged right atrium

What structural change is produced in the right atrium due to Ebstein Anomaly

Mixing lesions

What type of lesions make up cyanotic congenital heart diseases with increased pulmonary blood flow

Transposition of the Great Arteries

What does the abbreviation TGA stand for

Aorta comes from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery comes from the left ventricle

What are the transposed vessel origins in Transposition of the Great Arteries

Right ventricle

From which chamber does the aorta arise in Transposition of the Great Arteries

Left ventricle

From which chamber does the pulmonary artery arise in Transposition of the Great Arteries

ASD or VSD

Through which two defects does blood mix in a child with Transposition of the Great Arteries

Tachypneic baby

What is the classic clinical description of a newborn with TGA or single ventricle due to high pulmonary flow

Single ventricle

Which cyanotic defect is characterized by both great arteries arising from a single ventricular chamber

Hypoplastic left or right heart

Which category of cyanotic defect involves the severe underdevelopment or absence of a ventricular cavity

No cavity of the left ventricle

What is the structural hallmark of hypoplastic left heart

Truncus arteriosus

Which cyanotic defect features a single great arterial trunk arising from the base of the heart

Total anomalous venous return

What does the abbreviation TAPVR or total anomalous pulmonary venous return stand for

SVC, IVC, or coronary sinus

To which three abnormal venous structures can the pulmonary vein connect instead of the left atrium in TAPVR

Left atrium

To which chamber should the pulmonary vein normally be connected

Ventricular septal defect

Which defect is classified as an acyanotic lesion with increased pulmonary blood flow in Active Recall Box 1

Tetralogy of Fallot

Which cyanotic defect features pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, RVH, and VSD as its characteristic abnormalities

Clubbing

Which clinical sign of chronic cyanosis is usually absent in infants before 6 months of age

Before 6 months

At what age is clubbing of the fingers and toes usually absent in a cyanotic child

Poor feeding, diaphoresis, tachypnea, and faltering growth

What are the four primary symptoms of CHD in an infant

During feeding

When is diaphoresis or sweating most prominent in an infant with suspected congenital heart disease

At rest or asleep

In what states of activity is tachypnea in an infant considered a critical symptom of CHD

Faltering growth

What term describes the failure of an infant with CHD to gain weight normally

Kamusta po siya magdede, paputolputol po ba ang pagdede, magsusuck tapos titigil dahil hingal na hingal, tas magsusuck ulit

What Filipino questions do you ask parents to evaluate poor feeding in an infant

Butilbutil po ba ang pawis habang kumakain, o kahit nakaaircon

What Filipino questions do you ask parents to evaluate diaphoresis in an infant

Tachypnea during sleep

What respiratory symptom in an asleep infant is a major red flag for CHD

Faltering growth

Which infant symptom is assessed by comparing the birth weight to the current weight to check for little or no weight gain

Exercise tolerance, exertional chest pain, syncope, and cyanosis

What are the four primary symptoms of CHD to assess in an older child

Pag may mga batang naglalaro kasama siya, nauuna po ba siyang mapagod

What Filipino question do you ask parents to evaluate exercise tolerance in an older child

Abnormal saturations, weak femorals, hepatomegaly, and edema

What are the four red flags to note at any age in a child with CHD

Cyanosis, cyanotic spells, and squatting

What are three skin-related and posturing symptoms to ask about in childhood history

Tachypnea, dyspnea, and orthopnea

What are three breathing-related symptoms to ask about in childhood history

Frequent lower respiratory tract infections

What does the abbreviation LRTI stand for in pediatric cardiac history

Left-to-right shunting with increased pulmonary blood flow

Why are children with certain CHD defects more prone to frequent lower respiratory tract infections

Madalas po ba siyang nagkakaubo, nagkakasakit, o naadmit dahil sa ubo

What Filipino question do you ask parents to screen for frequent lower respiratory tract infections

Left-to-right shunt

A history of frequent lower respiratory tract infections, cough, or pneumonia is a diagnostic clue for what type of shunt

Rheumatic Fever or Rheumatic Heart Disease

What are two acquired heart diseases to consider in a child with specific symptoms

Arthritis, arthralgia, recurrent tonsillopharyngitis, prolonged unexplained fever, difficulty of breathing, exertional chest pain, chorea, and hemiparesis

What are eight clinical complaints that suggest pediatric acquired heart disease

Edema

Which physical exam finding is a major clinical sign of congestive heart failure in childhood

Congestive heart failure

Of what condition is edema a key clinical sign in children with acquired heart disease

Incidental findings

How are cardiac murmurs in pediatric patients commonly detected by doctors

Neonatal period

During which early life period are non-cyanotic murmurs of AS, PS, VSD, or PDA first detected

Aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus

What four non-cyanotic murmurs can be detected during the neonatal period

Early infancy

At what pediatric stage around 12 months of age are large VSD or PDA murmurs typically detected

Around 12 months of age

At what specific age does pulmonary vascular resistance go down, making large VSD or PDA murmurs apparent

Pulmonary vascular resistance

The decrease in what physiological resistance at 12 months of age makes large VSD or PDA murmurs detectable

Fever or well-child checkup

During which two clinical scenarios is a faint, innocent murmur typically detected as an incidental finding in a 4-year-old

Innocent murmur

What is the most likely diagnosis for a faint murmur incidentally detected in a 4-year-old child during a well-child checkup

First week of life

Within what timeframe of life does cyanosis present in TGA, truncus arteriosus, or tricuspid atresia

Transposition of the Great Arteries, Truncus Arteriosus, and Tricuspid Atresia

What three cyanotic heart conditions typically present with cyanosis in the first week of life

Transposition of the Great Arteries

What is the most common cyanotic heart disease in the newborn period

After the first week of life

When does cyanosis typically present in Tetralogy of Fallot or total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Tetralogy of Fallot and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

What two cyanotic heart conditions typically present with cyanosis after the first week of life

Tetralogy of Fallot

What is the most common cyanotic heart disease in an infant or a child

First week of life

In what timeframe of life do critical obstructive lesions present as toxic cardiac failure

Coarctation of Aorta, Critical Aortic Stenosis, and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

What three conditions present as toxic heart failure in the first week of life