archaeplastida

key terms + more

characteristics of red algae

• mostly multicellular

• primarily marine

• most have chloroplasts that contain pigment phycoerythrin

• absorbs blue and green wavelengths; reflects red wavelengths

• able to thrive in deep water because blue/green light penetrates water better than other wavelengths

phycoerythrin

a pigment that exists in red algae, absorbs blue and green wavelengths and reflects red wavelengths

characteristics of green algae

• unicellular or multicellular

• more closely related to land plants than to red algae

• important producers in freshwater and nearshore ocean

• cell walls contain cellulose

• chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a + b (different varieties of light-capturing pigments)

what are all the plant ecosystem services?

• oxygen production

• primary productivity

• erosion control

• flood control

• climate control

• fuel

• fibers

• medicines

ecosystem service

benefits that humans derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions

cuticle

watertight sealant (waxy layer) that prevents water loss

stoma (plural stomata)

pores that can open and close and control gas exchange

flavonoids

UV absorbing compounds that prevent DNA damage

apical meristems

undifferentiated cells that proliferate throughout life

sporophyte

• multicellular and diploid

• produce spores by meiosis

gametophyte

• multicellular and haploid

• produce gametes by mitosis

bryophyta (mosses)

group of bryophytes in which a primitive conductive system appears

characteristics of bryophyta (mosses)

• most common in moist forests

• anchored by rhizoid (precursor to roots)

• lack vascular tissue

• gametophyte-dominated alternation of generations

tracheids

a type of vascular tissue; secondary cell walls supported by complex polymer lignin

vessel elements

a type of vascular tissue that is wider, with gaps for more efficient water movement

lignin

complex polymer impermeable to water

vascular plant and examples?

• plant containing a network of cells that conducts water and solutes through the organism

• examples:

  • polypodiopsida

  • gymnosperms

  • angiosperms

polypodiopsida (ferns)

seedless vascular plant that produces large fronds; the most advanced group of seedless vascular plants

rhizoids

thin filaments that anchor mosses to the substrate

fronds

large leaves, coiled into fiddleheads when they are young

seed

provides protection, nourishment, and potential of dormancy for the embryo

pollen

male gametophytes, protective coating resistant to desiccation

both seeds and pollen have led to what?

a reduction in the dependence on water for reproduction

sori

clusters on undersides of leaves

heterosporous

produces two types of spores

characteristics of gymnosperms

• ovules not enclosed

• includes conifers, Ginkgo, and cyads

• 2 types of spores (heterosporous)

  • male cones: pollen

  • female cones: ovules

characteristics of angiosperms

• high diversity

• angiosperm = “encased seeds”

• flower reproductive organ

• some species produce nutritious and brightly colored fruit that is derived from the ovary

flower

reproductive organ, includes a sepal, petals, stamen (male), and carpel (female)

fruit

derived from the ovary, tissue surrounding seds, aids in seed dispersal, produced by certain species

ovules

female spores

homosporous

produces one type of spore

plastid

one of a group of related organelles in plant cells that are involved in the storage of starches, fats, proteins, and pigments

plankton

diverse group of mostly microscopic organisms that drift in marine and freshwater systems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms

non-vascular plant

plant that lacks vascular tissue, which is formed of specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients