Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

Genetic vulnerability

Genetic vulnerability

________ may be one mechanism through which stress potentially leads to depression.

Negative symptoms

________: those that reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives.

Bipolar

________ and related disorders: a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature.

Harmful dysfunction

________: when a natural internal mechanism breaks down and can no longer perform its normal function, and leads to negative consequences for the individual or for others, as judged by the standards of the individuals culture.

Wakefield

________ argued that natural internal mechanisms (psychological processes honed by evolution) have important functions, such as enabling us to experience the world the way others do and to engage in rational thought, problem solving, and communication.

Boldness

________: a tendency to remain calm in threatening situations, high self- assurance, a sense of dominance, and a tendency toward thrill- seeking.

Depression

________ is linked to abnormal activity in several regions of the brain including those important in assessing the emotional significance of stimuli and experiencing emotions (amygdala) and in regulating and controlling emotions.

Withdrawal

________ from social relationships, feeling as though one is a burden to others, and engaging in reckless and risk- taking behaviors may be precursors to suicidal behavior.

Rumination

________: the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather that distracting ones self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem- solving manner.

brain region

A(n) ________ that is believed to play a critical role in OCD is the orbitofrontal cortex, an area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision- making.

APA

According to the ________ (2013), a psychological disorder is a condition that is said to consist of the following:

autism spectrum disorder

The child with ________ might exhibit deficits in social interaction by living in a personal and isolated social world others are simply not privy to or able to penetrate.

Exit events

________ are especially likely to trigger depression if these happenings occur in a way that humiliates or devalues the individual.

Major depressive disorder

________ is considered episodic: its symptoms are typically present at their full magnitude for a certain period of time and then gradually abate.

borderline personality disorder

People with ________ can not tolerate the thought of being alone and will make frantic efforts to avoid abandonment or separation and their relationships are intense and unstable.

Psychopathology

________: the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, their causes, and treatment.

Behavioral inhibition

________: thought to be an inherited trait and is characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations.

Disinhibition

________: a propensity toward impulse control problems, lack of planning and forethought, insistence on immediate gratification, and inability to restrain behavior.

Social support

________ can help individuals cope during difficult times by allowing them to discuss feelings and experiences and providing a sense of being loved and appreciated.

Aaron Beck

________ theorized that depression- prone people possess depressive schemas, or mental predispositions to think about most things in a negative way.

Diathesis stress model

________: integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder.

aggressive resource

Meanness: ________ seeking without regard for others; signaled by a lack of empathy, disdain for and lack of close relationships with others, and a tendency to accomplish goals through cruelty.

medical condition

A diagnosis of hoarding disorder is made only if the hoarding is not caused by another ________ and if the hoarding is not a symptom of another disorder.

environmental cues

Cognitive, emotional, physiological, and ________ accompanying or related to the event are conditioned stimuli.

Supernatural perspective

________: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding.

Hyperactivity

________: characterized by excessive movement.

Somatic delusion

________: the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to ones body.

Obsessive compulsive

________ and related disorders: a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

PTSD

________ learning models suggest that some symptoms are developed and maintained through classical conditioning.

abnormal motor

Disorganized or ________ behavior: unusual behaviors and movements.

Body dysmorphic disorder

________: when an individual is preoccupied with a perceived flaw in their physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people.

Rachman

________ proposed that phobias can be acquired through three major learning pathways: classical conditioning, vicarious learning (ie modeling), and verbal transmission of information.

co occurrence

The DSM- 5 provides information about comorbidity: the ________ of two disorders.

developmental dysfunction

The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or ________.

ICD

Although the ________ is used for clinical purposes, this tool is also used to examine the general health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems internationally.

DSM

The ________- 5 specifies that the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are not caused or explained by intellectual disability.

mood disorders

People with ________ often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin.

Genetics

________ play a significant role in the development of ADHD.

insertion

Thought ________: the belief that thoughts have been placed inside ones head.

Seasonal pattern

________: a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.

Dissociative identity disorder

________: when an individual exhibits two or more separate personalities or identities, each well- defined and distinct from one another.

Anxiety

________ involves apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event.

Safety behaviors

________: mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes.

ritualistic behavioral

The preoccupation with imagined physical flaws drives the person to engage in repetitive and ________ and mental acts.

Diagnosis

________: appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms.

Hopelessness theory

________: a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression.

High cortisol levels

________ may have a causal effect on depression, as well as on its brain function abnormalities.

ADHD

Attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder (________): child shows a constant pattern of inattention and /or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning.

traumatic event

The ________ may act as an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response characterized by extreme fear and anxiety.

Antisocial personality disorder

________: individual shows no regard at all for other peoples rights or feelings.

Psychological disorder

a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Psychopathology

the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, their causes, and treatment

Harmful dysfunction

when a natural internal mechanism breaks down and can no longer perform its normal function, and leads to negative consequences for the individual or for others, as judged by the standards of the individuals culture

Diagnosis

appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms

The DSM-5 provides information about comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two disorders

Supernatural perspective

attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding

Biological perspective

views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena

Psychosocial perspective

emphasizes the importance of learning, stress, faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and environmental factors

Diathesis-stress model

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder

Anxiety disorders

characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior

Specific phobia

causes an individual to experience excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

classical conditioning, vicarious learning (ie modeling), and verbal transmission of information

Rachman proposed that phobias can be acquired through three major learning pathways

Social anxiety disorder

characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others

Safety behaviors

mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes

Behavioral inhibition

thought to be an inherited trait and is characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations

Panic disorder

when an individual experiences recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks

Panic attack

a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes

Locus coeruleus

located in the brainstem; the brains major source of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the bodys fight-or-flight response

Generalized anxiety disorder

a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension

A diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder requires that the diffuse worrying and apprehension characteristic of this disorder is not part of another disorder, occurs more days than not for at least six months, and is accompanied by any three of the following symptoms

restlessness, difficulty concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

when an individual experiences thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)

Obsessions

characterized as persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing

Compulsions

repetitive and ritualistic acts that are typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event

Body dysmorphic disorder

when an individual is preoccupied with a perceived flaw in their physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people

Hoarding disorder

when an individual cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are

OCD circuit

consists of several interconnected regions that influence the perceived emotional value of stimuli and the selection of both behavioral and cognitive responses

Several factors strongly predict the development of PTSD

trauma experience, greater trauma severity, lack of immediate social support, and more subsequent life stress

One model suggests that two key processes are crucial

disturbances in memory for the event, and negative appraisals of the trauma and its aftermath

Mood disorders

characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions

Depressive disorders

a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature

Depression

a heterogeneous mood state that consists of a broad spectrum of symptoms that range in severity; intense an persistent sadness

Bipolar and related disorders

a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature

Mania

a state of extreme elation and agitation

suicidal ideation

thoughts of death, thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt

Major depressive disorder is considered episodic

its symptoms are typically present at their full magnitude for a certain period of time and then gradually abate

Seasonal pattern

a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year

Peripartum onset

women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child

Persistent depressive disorder

individuals experience depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depressive disorder

Bipolar disorder

the persons mood is said to alternate from one emotional extreme to the other

Exit events

instances in which an important person departs; often occurs prior to an episode

Cognitive theories of depression

view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations

Hopelessness theory

a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression

Rumination

the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather that distracting ones self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem-solving manner

Suicide

death caused by self-directed injuries with the intent to die as the result of the behavior

Schizophrenia

a psychological/psychotic disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior that prevent them from functioning normally in life

Hallucination

a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation

Auditory hallucinations

hearing voices; the most common form of hallucination

Visual hallucinations

seeing things that are not there

Olfactory hallucinations

smelling odors that are not actually present