AP Unit 2 Cells Full Set

Mitochondria function

site of cellular respiration, produces ATP energy from glucose

cellular metabolism

chemical activities of cells, directly depends on cell size

high surface area to volume ratio

smaller cells: more efficient at exchanging material across the plasma membrane

low surface area to volume ratio

larger cells: less efficient at exchanging material across the membrane, but has more storage

surface area

The measurement of the outer surface of an object.

volume

The amount of space an object takes up

amphipathic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

phospholipid head

polar (hydrophilic) contains a phosphate group and glycerol

phospholipid tail

non-polar (hydrophobic) contains fatty acid chains

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Fluidity of the cell membrane

maintained by the weak hydrophobic interactions between the tails of the phospholipids , allowing them to move/drift

increases fluidity of plasma membrane under cold conditions

cholesterol and more unsaturated fatty acids

integral proteins

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, spanning the membrane

peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are bound to the surface of the membrane.

glycolipids

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids.

glycoproteins

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.

mosaic

made of a variety of macromolecules (phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates)

Aquaporins

water channel proteins that speed up the rate at which water can pass through the membrane

channel proteins

have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel to get across the membrane

carrier proteins

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane buy binding to the molecules and changing shape

cell wall

A rigid layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and is composed of cellulose

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells and allow for cell-to-cell communication

Light microscope

microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object

Magnification

the ratio of an object's image size to its real size

Resolution

the measure of the clarity of the image

Contrast

visible differences in parts of the sample

organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

electron microscope

microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen

scanning electron microscope

a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light

transmission electron microscope

An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells

cell fractionation

technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated using a centrifuge

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

nucleus function

information center of the cell containing the chromosomes

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

nuclear pores

holes in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus

nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

ribosomes function

particles made of rRNA and proteins that carry out protein synthesis by translating the message found in mRNA

free ribosomes

ribosomes suspended in the cytosol

bound ribosomes

attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, carbohydrates are metabolized, and toxic substances are broken down.

Golgi apparatus function

modifies, packages, sorts, and transports materials made by the endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus location

ribosomes location

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Location

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Location

Golgi apparatus location

cis face of golgi apparatus

located near ER. Receiving side of golgi apparatus. Vesicle buds from ER can add its membrane and contents of lumen to this by fusing with golgi membrane.

trans face of the golgi apparatus

gives rise to vesicles, which pinch off and travel to other sites. Shipping side.

lysosome function

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down macromolecules (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) as well as old cell parts through autophagy

lysosome location

autophagy

lysosomes break down damaged organelles (self-eating)

peroxisomes

membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes used to catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

food vacuole

A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell.

contractile vacuole

pump excess water out of protist cells

central vacuole

A membranous sac in a mature plant cell that holds water and ions

plasma membrane function

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

cell wall function

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to plant cells

plasma membrane location

cell wall location

Endosymbiont Theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living with larger cells (early eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell)

mitochondria location

Cristae

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

mitochondrial matrix

the space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion where the Krebs cycle occurs

chloroplast function

Site of photosynthesis (makes glucose for plant cells)

chloroplast location

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast where the light dependent reactions occur

granum

stack of thylakoids

stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane where the Calvin cycle occurs

Compartmentalization

prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location, increases surface area for reactions to occur

cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Microtubules definition

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells

Microtubule function

Motility (conveyor belt, cilia, flagella), cell shape, assist in the separating of chromosomes in cell division

centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only (grow out of centrosome)

cilia and flagella

hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement with their beating patterns

basal body

anchors the cilium or flagellum to the cell

dynein

motor protein that drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum

Microfilaments definition

thin, solid rods built as double chain of actin subunits

microfiliments functions

maintain cell shape (bear tension and form crotex), assist in muscle contraction, create the contractile ring during cell division

pseudopodia

A cellular extension extended and contracted through microfilaments

cytoplasmic streaming

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.

intermediate filaments definition

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules

intermediate filaments function

support cell shape, anchors organelles in place, and forms the nuclear lamina

exocytosis

The process by which the vacuole surrounding particles fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

endomembrane system

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

cisternae

flattened membranous sacs that make up the golgi apparatus

selective permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

small, nonpolar molecules

molecules that pass through the plasma membrane easily

large polar molecules and ions

molecules that can only go through the plasma membrane by active transport, proteins pumps, or facilitated transport

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell (high to low concentration)

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy (low to high concentration)

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (to spread out evenly into the available space)

dynamic equilibrium

condition of continuous, random movement of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials (roughly equal concentrations on either side of the membrane)

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

support for endosymbiotic theory

chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to prokaryotes in that they have circular DNA,
double membranes, can self-replicate, have ribosomes, and can produce ATP