Period 1 APUSH

Mayas

Highly developed civilization of natives that built cities in present day Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico

Aztecs

Another highly developed civilization after the Mayas that lived in central Mexico

Incas

Civilization that ruled Peru during the reign of Aztecs in Mexico

Corn (Maize)

Particularly stable food supply that the Mayas and Aztecs relied on

Algonquian

One of the largest American Indian language family

Hohokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos

Southwest settlements that lived in caves or under cliffs. Corn in this region promoted economic growth and development of irrigation systems

Longhouses

Popular in Northeast settlements, could be up to 200 feet long and held many people

Iroquois Confederation

A powerful political union formed by several Great Lakes and New York tribes. Battled rival American Indians and Europeans

Gunpowder, sailing compass, printing press

Aided spread of knowledge across Europe and helped with ship building, which motivated exploration

Isabella and Ferdinand

King and Queen of Spain that financed Columbus's trip.

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope. This became the shortest path from Europe to Asia through sailing

Treaty of Tordesillas

Established Portugal's claim to Brazil while Spain claimed the rest of America, but other Euro countries challenged this claim.

Roanoke Island

Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement here but failed

Protestant Reformation

Certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern Euro countries revolted against the authority of the pope, which led to a series of religious wars.

Nation-states

countries which majority of people shared both a common culture and loyalty to a central gov.

Smallpox and Measles

Disease brought from the new world which killed many natives, as they had no immunity to these new diseases

Horses

Brought from the new world to America, aided travel for trade

Capitalism

control of money is more important than control of land, grew as trade increased

joint-stock company

business owned by a number of investors, which helped finance voyages more safely and created a smaller risk of loss

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers that helped expand Spain's wealth and power

Hernan Cortes

Conquested the Aztecs in Mexico, which secured Spain's supremacy in America

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered Incas in Peru

Encomienda

Natives were granted to Spaniards and were forced to work and in turn the Spaniards would take "care" of them

Asiento

Colonists paid a tax on each enslaved person they imported to the Americas

Slave trade

Europeans imported large numbers of Africans to America to work as slaves.

Middle Passage

Voyage slaves took through the Atlantic ocean, many died

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dissented from views of most Europeans toward Natives, advocated for better treatment and argued they should be treated as human

New Laws of 1542

Ended Indian slavery, but was later repealed

Valladolid Debate

Debate over role of Indians in Spanish colonies from 1550-1551

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Argued that Indians were less than human in Valladolid debate

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

An uprising of Indians in Santa Fe against Spanish colonization. The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. However, the Spanish were more accommodating of Indian culture afterwards. One of the most successful uprisings in North America at the time.